ArticleToxins2019
Autophagy and Apoptosis Interact to Modulate T-2 Toxin-Induced Toxicity in Liver Cells.
Article in Toxins, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- Investigating the effects of thymol and cinnamaldehyde in T-2 toxin-treated hepatic cell cultures of chicken origin.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Corticotropin-releasing hormone inhibits autophagy by suppressing PTEN to promote apoptosis in dermal papilla cells.Annals of medicine · 2025Article
- IRGM Inhibits the AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway by Interacting with TRIM21 to Alleviate Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury.Inflammation · 2025Article
- Vincamine induces cytoprotective autophagy via regulation of ampk/mtor signaling pathway in gentamicin-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Nrf2: A Main Responsive Element of the Toxicity Effect Caused by Trichothecene (T-2) Mycotoxin.Toxics · 2023Review
- An update on T2-toxins: metabolism, immunotoxicity mechanism and human assessment exposure of intestinal microbiota.Heliyon · 2022Review
- T-2 Toxin Induces Apoptotic Cell Death and Protective Autophagy in Mouse Microglia BV2 Cells.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
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- Article
- TGF-β1 Promotes Autophagy and Inhibits Apoptosis in Breast Cancer by Targeting TP63.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Article
- Toluene Can Disrupt Rat Ovarian Follicullogenesis and Steroidogenesis and Induce Both Autophagy and Apoptosis.Biology · 2021Article
- Protective effect of selenomethionine on T-2 toxin-induced liver injury in New Zealand rabbits.BMC veterinary research · 2021Article
- Betulinic Acid Alleviates Spleen Oxidative Damage Induced by Acute Intraperitoneal Exposure to T-2 Toxin by Activating Nrf2 and Inhibiting MAPK Signaling Pathways.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- The Impact of Natural Dietary Compounds and Food-Borne Mycotoxins on DNA Methylation and Cancer.Cells · 2020Review
- T-2 Toxin Induces Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis and Cytoprotective Autophagy in Chicken Hepatocytes.Toxins · 2020Article
- Betulinic Acid Attenuates T-2-Toxin-Induced Testis Oxidative Damage Through Regulation of the JAK2/STAT3 Signaling Pathway in Mice.Biomolecules · 2019Article
- Article
- Comparison of Apoptosis and Autophagy in Human Chondrocytes Induced by the T-2 and HT-2 Toxins.Toxins · 2019Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
T-2 toxin is a mycotoxin generated by Fusarium species which has been shown to be highly toxic to human and animals. T-2 toxin induces apoptosis in various tissues/organs. Apoptosis and autophagy are two closely interconnected processes, which are important for maintaining physiological homeostasis as well as pathogenesis. Here, for the first time, we demonstrated that T-2 toxins induce autophagy in human liver cells (L02). We demonstrated that T-2 toxin induce acidic vesicular organelles formation, concomitant with the alterations in p62/SQSTM1 and LC3-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate (LC3-II) and the enhancement of the autophagic flux. Using mRFP-GFP-LC3 by lentiviral transduction, we showed T-2 toxin-mediated lysosomal fusion and the formation of autophagosomes in L02 cells. The formation of autophagosomes was further confirmed by transmission electron microcopy. While T-2 toxin induced both autophagy and apoptosis, autophagy appears to be a leading event in the response to T-2 toxin treatment, reflecting its protective role in cells against cellular damage. Activating autophagy by rapamycin (RAPA) inhibited apoptosis, while suppressing autophagy by chloroquine greatly enhanced the T-2 toxin-induced apoptosis, suggesting the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis. Taken together, these results indicate that autophagy plays a role in protecting cells from T-2 toxin-induced apoptosis suggesting that autophagy may be manipulated for the alleviation of toxic responses induced by T-2 toxin.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.