ReviewDrug safety2019
Safety and Tolerability of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (PD-1 and PD-L1) in Cancer.
Review in Drug safety, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 102 citations in OpenAlex.
- Phase II study of retifanlimab in patients with recurrent locally advanced or metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma (POD1UM-201).Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Trial
- A phase II study of retifanlimab, a humanized anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody, in patients with solid tumors (POD1UM-203).ESMO open · 2024Trial
- Adjuvant dendritic cell therapy in stage IIIB/C melanoma: the MIND-DC randomized phase III trial.Nature communications · 2024Trial
- Immunological responses to adjuvant vaccination with combined CD1cOncoimmunology · 2022Trial
- First-in-human study of lomvastomig, a PD-1-TIM-3 bispecific antibody, in patients with advanced and/or metastatic solid tumors.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Immune-related adverse events between elderly patients with gastrointestinal and lung cancers: A real-world study.Chinese medical journal · 2026Article
- Advances and challenges in immunotherapy and molecular imaging for hepatocellular carcinoma.Discover oncology · 2025Review
- Development of a prognostic multiomic biomarker of progression-free survival in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with first line immunotherapy.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Innovative nanodelivery systems for targeted breast cancer therapy: overcoming drug delivery challenges and exploring future perspectives.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Review
- Review
- The role of PD-1/PD-L1 in overshooting osteoclastogenesis in periprosthetic joint infections.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Editorial: Cancer in people living with HIV/AIDS.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Association between immune check point inhibitors and digestive system inflammatory adverse reactions: evidence from pharmacovigilance analysis and systematic review.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Advances in Tissue-Agnostic Targeting in Cancer Therapeutics: Current Approvals, Challenges, and Future Directions.Oncology research · 2025Review
- Immune inhibitory receptor agonist therapeutics.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- PD‑1/PD‑L1 inhibitor‑based immunotherapy in locally advanced or metastatic triple‑negative breast cancer: A meta‑analysis.Oncology letters · 2025Article
- Revolutionizing Neuroimmunology: Unraveling Immune Dynamics and Therapeutic Innovations in CNS Disorders.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Nivolumab-Induced Neuromyopathy: A Case Report.Cureus · 2024Article
- Ezabenlimab (BI 754091), an anti-PD-1 antibody, in patients with advanced solid tumours.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2024Article
- IgA vasculitis induced by carboplatin + nab-paclitaxel + pembrolizumab in a patient with advanced lung squamous cell carcinoma: a case report.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged in recent years and has revolutionized the treatment of cancer. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, including anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and anti-programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) agents, are the first of this new generation of treatments. Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents target immune cells by blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. This blockade leads to enhancement of the immune system and therefore restores the tumour-induced immune deficiency selectively in the tumour microenvironment. However, this shift in the balance of the immune system can also produce adverse effects that involve multiple organs. The pattern of toxicity is different from traditional chemotherapy agents or targeted therapy, and there is still little experience in recognizing and managing it. Thus, toxicity constitutes a real clinical management challenge and any new alteration should be suspected of being treatment-related. The most common toxicities occur in the skin, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and endocrine, musculoskeletal, renal, nervous, haematologic, cardiovascular and ocular systems. Immune-mediated toxic effects are usually manageable, but toxicities may sometimes lead to treatment withdrawal, and even fulminant and fatal events can occur. Oncologists need to collaborate with internists, clinical immunologists and other specialists to understand, manage and prevent toxicity derived from immunotherapy. This review focuses on the mechanisms of toxicity of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents, and its diagnosis and management.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.