ArticleAIDS (London, England)2019
Low tenofovir level in urine by a novel immunoassay is associated with seroconversion in a preexposure prophylaxis demonstration project.
Article in AIDS (London, England), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 4 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Pilot Trial to Examine the Feasibility, Acceptability and Impact of an Intervention Using a New Urine-based Tenofovir Adherence Assay
Self-Test Strategies and Linkage Incentives to Improve ART and PrEP Uptake in Men
Urine Tenofovir Point-of-care Test to Identify Patients in Need of ART Adherence Support (UTRA Study)
PrEP Point-of-Care Brief-Intervention for Adherence Among Young Men Who Have Sex With Men
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Urine Tenofovir Point-of-Care Assay Facilitates Positive Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence Discussions Among People Living With HIV and Healthcare Providers-A Mixed-Methods Evaluation in Cape Town, South Africa.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2026Trial
- Comparing PrEP adherence via objective and self-reported measures among fishermen working on Lake Victoria, Kenya.AIDS care · 2025Trial
- Impact of a point-of-care urine tenofovir assay on adherence to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among women in Kenya: a randomised pilot trial.The lancet. HIV · 2024Trial
- Point-of-Care Tenofovir Urine Testing for the Prediction of Treatment Failure and Drug Resistance During Initial Treatment for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Infection.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Brief Report: Association Between Pharmacologic Tenofovir Adherence Measures and Subsequent 24-Week Viral Load Outcomes for People With HIV in South Africa.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2026Article
- Oral Fluid Concentrations of Tenofovir and Emtricitabine for Monitoring HIV Antiretroviral Adherence: Findings From a Randomized Trial with Directly Observed Therapy (TARGET Study).Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Phone calls to enhance PrEP persistence among Kenyan women accessing postabortal care: a cluster randomized trial.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2025Article
- High recent PrEP adherence with point-of-care urine tenofovir testing and adherence counselling among young African women: results from the INSIGHT cohort.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2024Observational
- Point-of-care urine tenofovir monitoring of adherence to drive interventions for HIV treatment and prevention.Expert review of molecular diagnostics · 2024Review
- Perspectives of people living with HIV and health workers about a point-of-care adherence assay: a qualitative study on acceptability.AIDS care · 2023Article
- Diagnostic accuracy of a point-of-care urine tenofovir assay, and associations with HIV viraemia and drug resistance among people receiving dolutegravir and efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2023Article
- Urine Tenofovir Levels Strongly Correlate With Virologic Suppression in Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Tenofovir Alafenamide-Based Antiretroviral Therapy.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Article
- REverSe TRanscrIptase chain termination (RESTRICT) for selective measurement of nucleotide analogs used in HIV care and prevention.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2023Article
- Drug Resistance, Rather than Low Tenofovir Levels in Blood or Urine, Is Associated with Tenofovir, Emtricitabine, and Efavirenz Failure in Resource-Limited Settings.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2022Article
- HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis adherence test using reverse transcription isothermal amplification inhibition assay.Analytical methods : advancing methods and applications · 2022Article
- Article
- Short Communication: Evaluation of Antiretroviral Drug Concentrations in Minimally Invasive Specimens for Potential Development of Point-of-Care Drug Assays.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2021Article
- Effect of a storytelling intervention on the retention of serodiscordant couples in ART/PrEP services at antenatal clinic in Namacurra province in Zambézia, Mozambique.Contemporary clinical trials communications · 2021Article
- Pilot evaluation of an enzymatic assay for rapid measurement of antiretroviral drug concentrations.Virology journal · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveWe examined the relationship between urine tenofovir (TFV) levels measured with a novel immunoassay, which permits point-of-care testing, with HIV seroconversion and objective adherence metrics in a large preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) demonstration project.
designSecondary analysis of stored specimens from an open-label PrEP cohort study.
methodsWe examined the association between undetectable urine TFV levels and HIV seroconversion in iPrEx open-label extension using generalized estimating equations. We examined rank correlations between levels of TFV and emtricitabine in urine, dried blood spots (DBS), and hair and determined the sensitivity and specificity of undetectable urine TFV for predicting dosing cut-offs in DBS.
resultsThe median urinary TFV level was 15 000 ng/ml in those who remained HIV-negative (n = 105; interquartile range: 1000-45 000); 5500 in those who eventually seroconverted (n = 11; interquartile range: 1000-12 500); and all were undetectable at seroconversion (n = 9; P < 0.001). Decreasing strata of urine TFV levels were associated with future HIV seroconversion (P = 0.03). An undetectable urine TFV was 100% sensitive and 81% specific when compared with an undetectable DBS TFV-diphosphate level and 69% sensitive, but 94% specific when compared with low adherence by DBS (<2 doses/week).
conclusionUrine TFV detection by a novel antibody-based assay was associated with protection from HIV acquisition among individuals on PrEP. Urine TFV levels were correlated with hair and DBS levels and undetectable urine TFV was 100% sensitive in detecting nonadherence. By implementing the immunoassay into a point-of-care strip test, PrEP nonadherence could be detected in real-time, allowing rapid intervention.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.