ArticleChildren (Basel, Switzerland)2019
Family Income at Birth and Risk of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder at Age 15: Racial Differences.
Article in Children (Basel, Switzerland), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 62 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
62 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Among US Black Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- Immigrants' diminished protective effects of parental education and employment on youth mood disorders in Sweden.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- "To Be Twice as Good to Get Half": Minorities' Diminished Returns.Journal of biomedical and life sciences · 2025Article
- Machine learning for healthcare that matters: Reorienting from technical novelty to equitable impact.PLOS digital health · 2024Article
- ADHD-AID: Aiding Tool for Detecting Children's Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder via EEG-Based Multi-Resolution Analysis and Feature Selection.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Tobacco Susceptibility Explains Diminished Returns of Family Income on Black Adolescents' Tobacco Initiation.Open journal of psychology · 2024Article
- Immigration, Educational Attainment, and Subjective Health in the United States.Journal of mental health & clinical psychology · 2024Article
- Social Determinants of Mental, Physical, and Oral Health of Middle-Aged and Older African Americans in South Los Angeles.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Immigration Status, Socioeconomic Status, and Self-Rated Health in Europe.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Externalizing and Internalizing Behaviors in Children with ADHD during Lockdown for COVID-19: The Role of Parental Emotions, Parenting Strategies, and Breaking Lockdown Rules.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Predicting ADHD symptoms and diagnosis at age 14 from objective activity levels at age 7 in a large UK cohort.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2021Article
- Parental Educational Attainment, the Superior Temporal Cortical Surface Area, and Reading Ability among American Children: A Test of Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Localization and Diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Parental Education and Left Lateral Orbitofrontal Cortical Activity during N-Back Task: An fMRI Study of American Adolescents.Brain sciences · 2021Article
- Resting-State Functional Connectivity between Putamen and Salience Network and Childhood Body Mass Index.Neurology international · 2021Article
- Black-White Achievement Gap: Role of Race, School Urbanity, and Parental Education.Pediatric health, medicine and therapeutics · 2021Article
- Parental Education, Household Income, and Cortical Surface Area among 9-10 Years Old Children: Minorities' Diminished Returns.Brain sciences · 2020Article
- Parental Education, Household Income, Race, and Children's Working Memory: Complexity of the Effects.Brain sciences · 2020Article
- Mental Rotation in American Children: Diminished Returns of Parental Education in Black Families.Pediatric reports · 2020Article
- Family Income Mediates the Effect of Parental Education on Adolescents' Hippocampus Activation During an N-Back Memory Task.Brain sciences · 2020Article
2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSocioeconomic status (SES) resources protect children and adults against the risk of medical and psychiatric conditions. According to the Minorities' Diminished Returns theory, however, such protective effects are systemically weaker for the members of racial and ethnic minority groups compared to Whites.
aimsUsing a national data set with 15 years of follow up, we compared Black and White youth for the effects of family SES at birth on the risk of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) at age 15. Methods
resultsIn the overall sample, high family income at birth was not associated with the risk of ADHD at age 15, independent of all covariates. Despite this relationship, we found a significant interaction between race and family income at birth on subsequent risk of ADHD, indicating a stronger effect for Whites compared to Blacks. In stratified models, we found a marginally significant protective effect of family SES against the risk of ADHD for White youths. For African American youth, on the other hand, family SES was shown to have a marginally significant risk for ADHD.
conclusionsThe health gain that follows family income is smaller for Black than White families, which is in line with the Minorities' Diminished Returns. The solution to health disparities is not simply policies that aim to reduce the racial gap in SES, because various racial health disparities in the United States are not due to differential access to resources but rather the impact of these resources on health outcomes. Public policies, therefore, should go beyond equalizing access to resources and also address the structural racism and discrimination that impact Blacks' lives. Policies should fight racism and should help Black families to overcome barriers in their lives so they can gain health from their SES and social mobility. As racism is multi-level, multi-level interventions are needed to tackle diminished returns of SES.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.