ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2019
Identification of Leukocytes Associated With Midday Fogging in the Post-Lens Tear Film of Scleral Contact Lens Wearers.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Scleral Lens Fenestrations and Fluid Reservoir Debris.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Fluid Reservoir Characteristics in Established Scleral Lens Wear, Part I-Evaluation of Fluid Reservoir Depth and Midday Fogging.Eye & contact lens · 2026Article
- Slit Lamp Findings in Scleral Lens Wearers With and Without Subjective Fogging.Eye & contact lens · 2025Observational
- Wide-angle fluid reservoir thickness changes during short-term scleral lens wear.Eye and vision (London, England) · 2025Article
- Short-Term Efficacy and Safety of Scleral Lenses in the Management of Severe Dry Eye in a Chinese Population.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Impact of Scleral Lenses on Visual Acuity and Ocular Aberrations in Corneal Ectasia: A Comprehensive Review.Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Review
- Potential pro-inflammatory impact of scleral lens midday fogging on human corneal epithelial cells: An in vitro study.Contact lens & anterior eye : the journal of the British Contact Lens Association · 2024Article
- Scleral Lenses for Managing Dry Eye Disease in the Absence of Corneal Irregularities: What Is the Current Evidence?Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Lens and solution properties in patients with and without midday fogging.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2024Article
- Nonpolar Lipids Contribute to Midday Fogging During Scleral Lens Wear.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- Tear Film miRNAs and Their Association With Human Dry Eye Disease.Current eye research · 2022Article
- How Can We Best Measure the Performance of Scleral Lenses? Current Insights.Clinical optometry · 2022Review
- Midday Fogging of Scleral Contact Lenses: Current Perspectives.Clinical optometry · 2021Review
- Scleral lens wear: Measuring inflammation in the fluid reservoir.Contact lens & anterior eye : the journal of the British Contact Lens Association · 2020Article
- Changes in Symptoms of Midday Fogging with a Novel Scleral Contact Lens Filling Solution.Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Purpose: Midday fogging is a frequent complaint among scleral contact lens (ScCL) wearers, and the mechanism and cause of this is unknown. The purpose of this investigation was to understand the relation between midday fogging, ocular surface leukocytes, and ScCL fitting characteristics. Methods: Subjects arrived at a clinical exam having worn ScCLs for at least 4 hours. ScCL were removed, and 150 μL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was used to wash the bowl of the ScCL. Eyes were washed post-ScCL removal with 5 mL PBS per eye. Wash solutions were collected and leukocytes were then isolated and counted, followed by assessment with flow cytometry. Samples from the post-lens tear fluid were stained with fluorescently labeled antibodies to detect leukocyte distributions. Results: Thirty-nine eyes from 19 adapted, full-time, ScCL wearers were included, and 46% presented with midday fogging. ScCL corneal clearance was 246 ± 61 μm for nonfoggers, while it was 308 ± 98 μm for those with fogging (P < 0.05). On average, the number of leukocytes collected from the ScCL bowl (9551 ± 18,926) was greater than the number of leukocytes recovered from the eye wash (2195 ± 4384, P < 0.02). ScCL corneal clearance was associated with the presence of fogging, with an odds ratio of 2.24 (95% confidence interval = 1.48-3.38, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Leukocytes, predominated by neutrophils, are present in the post-lens tear film of ScCL wearers, and in particular wearers with greater ScCL corneal clearance have greater odds of having midday fogging.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.