SynthesisNeuropsychology review2019
Cognitive Bias Modification for Behavior Change in Alcohol and Smoking Addiction: Bayesian Meta-Analysis of Individual Participant Data.
Synthesis in Neuropsychology review, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 145 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cognitive bias modification for social anxiety: a living systematic review and network meta-analysis.Wellcome open research · 2026Pooled it
- Parallel addictions: understanding the psychological and neurobehavioral damage of gaming and alcohol use in adolescents and young adults.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Pooled it
- Psychological Therapies Used for the Reduction of Habitual Cigarette Smoking Cigarette Consumption: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Pooled it
- Eye Tracking Studies Exploring Cognitive and Affective Processes among Alcohol Drinkers: a Systematic Review and Perspectives.Neuropsychology review · 2021Pooled it
- A multi-scale, circuit-to-gene signature of approach-bias modification in internet gaming disorder.Journal of behavioral addictions · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Approach Bias and Tobacco Craving as Mechanisms of the Effect of Approach Bias Retraining on Smoking Cessation.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Trial
- Computerized cognitive training for problem gambling: A randomized controlled trial (TRAIN-online).Journal of behavioral addictions · 2025Trial
- How We Lost 90% of Participants on a Bad Bet: Results from a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial on Cognitive Bias Modification in Problem Gamblers.Journal of gambling studies · 2024Trial
- Interpretation bias modification for hostility to facilitate smoking cessation in a sample with elevated trait anger: A randomized trial.Behaviour research and therapy · 2024Trial
- Psychological distance intervention reminders reduce alcohol consumption frequency in daily life.Scientific reports · 2023Trial
- Approach bias retraining to augment smoking cessation: A pilot randomized controlled trial.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2022Trial
- A Pilot Study on Approach Bias Modification in Smoking Cessation: Activating Personalized Alternative Activities for Smoking in the Context of Increased Craving.International journal of behavioral medicine · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Does alcohol cue inhibitory control training survive a context shift?Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2020Trial
- Imaginal retraining decreases craving for high-calorie food in overweight and obese women: A randomized controlled trial.Translational psychiatry · 2019Trial
- Peripheral proinflammatory markers are upregulated in abstinent alcohol-dependent patients but are not affected by cognitive bias modification: Preliminary findings.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2019Trial
- Proximal and Long-Term Participants' Perspectives on Approach Bias Modification for Smoking Cessation: Qualitative Study.JMIR human factors · 2026Article
- Attentional bias for alcohol-related cues in a clinical setting among patients with alcohol use disorder: Evidence from eye movements and reaction times.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2026Article
- Appetitive responses toward smoking-related stimuli in abstinence-motivated, non-deprived individuals with chronic tobacco dependence: A multi-methodological investigation.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) refers to a family of interventions targeting substance-related cognitive biases, which have been found to play a role in the maintenance of addictive behaviors. In this study, we conducted a Bayesian meta-analysis of individual patient data from studies investigating the effects of CBM as a behavior change intervention for the treatment of alcohol and tobacco use disorders, in individuals aware of the behavior change goal of the studies. Main outcomes included reduction in the targeted cognitive biases after the intervention and in substance use or relapse rate at the short-to-long term follow-up. Additional moderators, both at the study-level (type of addiction and CBM training) and at the participant-level (amount of completed training trials, severity of substance use), were progressively included in a series of hierarchical mixed-effects models. We included 14 studies involving 2435 participants. CBM appeared to have a small effect on cognitive bias (0.23, 95% credible interval = 0.06-0.41) and relapse rate (-0.27, 95% credible interval = -0.68 - 0.22), but not on reduction of substance use. Increased training practice showed a paradoxical moderation effect on relapse, with a relatively lower chance of relapse in the control condition with increased practice, compared to the training condition. All effects were associated with extremely wide 95% credible intervals, which indicate the absence of enough evidence in favor or against a reliable effect of CBM on cognitive bias and relapse rate in alcohol and tobacco use disorders. Besides the need for a larger body of evidence, research on the topic would benefit from a stronger adherence to the current methodological standards in randomized controlled trial design and the systematic investigation of shared protocols of CBM.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.