ArticleBMC public health2019
Early linear growth retardation: results of a prospective study of Zambian infants.
Article in BMC public health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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8 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Longitudinal Trajectories of Growth and Development in HIV-Exposed Uninfected Children from a Long-Term Birth Cohort - 8 Regions, 3 PLADs, China, 2017-2024.China CDC weekly · 2026Article
- Sustained acute kidney injury as an independent risk factor for neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes in a single NICU center.BMC pediatrics · 2024Article
- Acceptability trial of local Indonesian snack (SISTIK) enriched with chicken liver and eggshell powder as a potential food to increase micronutrient intakes among women of reproductive age.Wellcome open research · 2024Article
- When did the substantial loss of child linear growth occur?PloS one · 2023Article
- Observational
- Growth retardation among children in southern Iran: a 7-year population based cohort study.BMC public health · 2020Article
- Association betweenExperimental and therapeutic medicine · 2020Article
- Nutritional status, environmental enteric dysfunction, and prevalence of rotavirus diarrhoea among children in Zambia.PloS one · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundLinear growth retardation is the most dominant nutritional problem globally. We aimed to describe linear growth trajectory among infants under 2 years of age using the WHO growth velocity standards.
methodThis was a prospective cohort study of infants enrolled at 6 weeks of age and followed up for up to 24 months in Kamwala Urban Health Centre, Lusaka, Zambia. The study was conducted between April 2013 and March 2015. Infants were enrolled if they were 6-12 weeks of age and the mother was willing to participate voluntarily and provided informed consent. Anthropometric data were collected at scheduled clinic visits at 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, then quarterly until the infant was 24 months old. We defined linear growth velocity as the rate of change in height. We estimated linear growth velocity as the first derivative of the penalized cubic spline mixed effects model.
resultsA total of 338 children were included in the analysis. Of these, 185 (54.7%) were female, 115 (34.1%) were born to HIV positive mothers and thus classified as HIV Exposed (HE). The mean age of children at enrollment was 1.6 months (SD = 0.15). On average, the growth velocity for 3-month length increments conditional on age were 0-3 months = 2.97 cm/3mo (95%CI = 2.69, 3.25); 3-6 months = 2.62 cm/3mo (95%CI = 2.38, 2.87); 6-9 months = 1.57 cm/3mo (95%CI = 1.43, 1.71); 9-12 months = 1.18 cm/3mo (95%CI = 1.08, 1.28); 12-15 month = 1.14 cm/3mo (95%CI = 1.02, 1.27); 15-18 months = 0.87 cm/3mo (95%CI = 0.79, 0.96); 18-21 months = 0.80 cm/3mo (95%CI = 0.72, 0.89); and 21-24 months = 0.86 cm/3mo (95%CI = 0.77, 0.96). For both boys and girls, the growth velocity in our cohort were consistently below the 3rd percentile of the WHO linear growth velocity standard. The estimated mean height and the age at which growth begins to falter were 68.6 cm (95%CI = 68.0, 69.2) and 13.6 months (95%CI = 13.2, 14.1) respectively.
conclusionWe found slower rate of growth among otherwise healthy Zambian infants. The data suggests that growth retardation is universal and profound in this cohort and may have already been occurring in utero.
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