ArticleNutrients2019
Free Sugars Intake, Sources and Determinants of High Consumption among Australian 2-Year-Olds in the SMILE Cohort.
Article in Nutrients, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Free sugar intake and dietary sources in rural Japanese infants aged 18-23 months.Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Article
- Key Mediators Reducing Socioeconomic Inequality in Early Childhood Caries.JDR clinical and translational research · 2026Article
- Effect of Early Life Income and Sugars Intake on Child Oral Health: Marginal Structural Modelling Using a Birth Cohort Study.Caries research · 2026Article
- Sources and determinants of free sugars intake by 5-year-old Australian children in the SMILE cohort.Maternal & child nutrition · 2024Article
- Predictors of Free Sugars Intake Trajectories across Early Childhood-Results from the SMILE Birth Cohort Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Development and internal validation of the SMILE-FSS: a Free Sugars Screener for Australian children aged 2 and 5 years.Public health nutrition · 2023Article
- Health first, convenience second: Caregiver perspectives of commercially produced complementary foods in five Southeast Asian capital cities.Maternal & child nutrition · 2023Article
- Dietary Sugar Research in Preschoolers: Methodological, Genetic, and Cardiometabolic Considerations.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2023Review
- Prevalence of Front-of-Pack Warning Signs among Commercial Complementary Foods in Seven High and Upper Middle-Income Countries.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Free sugar intake from snacks and beverages in Canadian preschool- and toddler-aged children: a cross-sectional study.BMC nutrition · 2023Article
- Reformulation of Processed Yogurt and Breakfast Cereals over Time: A Scoping Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Eating habits: what foods do children between 12 and 36 months consume?Revista brasileira de enfermagem · 2023Article
- Early childhood caries, primary caregiver oral health knowledge and behaviours and associated sociological factors in Australia: a systematic scoping review.BMC oral health · 2021Article
- High Levels of Nutrients of Concern in Baby Foods Available in Europe That Contain Sugar-Contributing Ingredients or Are Ultra-Processed.Nutrients · 2021Article
- Dietary intakes, sources, and determinants of free sugars amongst Lebanese children and adolescents: findings from two national surveys.European journal of nutrition · 2021Article
- Sources and Determinants of Wholegrain Intake in a Cohort of Australian Children Aged 12-14 Months.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Factors Influencing the Early Introduction of Sugar Sweetened Beverages among Infants: Findings from the HSHK Birth Cohort Study.Nutrients · 2020Article
- Study of Mothers' and Infants' Life Events Affecting Oral Health (SMILE) birth cohort study: cohort profile.BMJ open · 2020Article
- Article
- Sources and Determinants of Discretionary Food Intake in a Cohort of Australian Children Aged 12-14 Months.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
In the first 2 years of life, it is important to limit exposure to foods high in free sugars, in order to lay foundations for lifelong eating patterns associated with a reduced risk of chronic disease. Intake data at this age is limited, so compliance with recommendations is not known. This analysis describes free sugars intakes, food sources and determinants of high consumption among Australian children at 2 years of age. Free sugars intakes were estimated using a customized Food Frequency Questionnaire, and median usual free sugars intake at 2 years was 22.5 (Interquartile Range (IQR) 12.8⁻37.7) g/day, contributing a median 8% of the estimated energy requirement (EER). Based on the EER, most children (71.1%) exceeded the World Health Organization recommendation that <5% of energy should come from free sugars, with 38% of participants exceeding the <10% recommendation. Children from households with the greatest socioeconomic disadvantage were more likely to exceed the 10% recommendation (Prevalence Ratio (PR) 1.44, 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI) 1.13⁻1.84), and be in the top tertile for free sugars intake (PR 1.58, 95% CI 1.19⁻2.10) than the least disadvantaged. Main sources of free sugars were non-core foods, such as fruit juice, biscuits, cakes, desserts and confectionery; with yogurt and non-dairy milk alternatives the two notable exceptions. Improved efforts to reduce free sugars are needed from the introduction of solid food, with a particular focus on fruit juice and non-core foods.
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