ReviewToxins2019
Why Are Botulinum Neurotoxin-Producing Bacteria So Diverse and Botulinum Neurotoxins So Toxic?
Review in Toxins, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effect of allicin on the intestinal microbiota and production efficiency in selected farm animals.Journal of veterinary research · 2026Article
- Laboratory Diagnostics of Botulism Cases in Livestock in Poland in 2022-2024.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Advances in Clostridial Neurotoxins: Passage of the Intestinal Barrier and Targeting of Specific Neuronal Cells.Toxins · 2026Review
- The Impact of Allicin on the Growth ofAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Article
- Impact of Metabolites from Foodborne Pathogens on Cancer.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Model-based interspecies interpretation of botulinum neurotoxin type A on muscle-contraction inhibition.Biopharmaceutics & drug disposition · 2024Article
- Towards safer practices: A spotlight on foodborne botulism following the recent outbreak in Saudi Arabia in 2024.New microbes and new infections · 2024Article
- Article
- Opportunistic Features of Non-Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Ecology and Management of a Large Outbreak of Avian Botulism in Wild Waterbirds in Northeastern Italy (2019-2022).Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Novel platform for engineering stable and effective vaccines against botulinum neurotoxins A, B and E.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Physical Treatments to ControlFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Biological and Immunological Characterization of a Functional L-HN Derivative of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype F.Toxins · 2023Article
- Neurotoxins Acting at Synaptic Sites: A Brief Review on Mechanisms and Clinical Applications.Toxins · 2022Review
- Botulism in the Brazilian Amazon: a life-threatening disease in a neglected population.Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria · 2022Article
- Potential Risk of Botulinum Neurotoxin -producing Clostridia Occurrence in Canned Fish.Journal of veterinary research · 2022Article
- Article
- The Epigenetic Dimension of Protein Structure Is an Intrinsic Weakness of the AlphaFold Program.Biomolecules · 2022Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most lethal toxins among all bacterial, animal, plant and chemical poisonous compounds. Although a great effort has been made to understand their mode of action, some questions are still open. Why, and for what benefit, have environmental bacteria that accidentally interact with their host engineered so diverse and so specific toxins targeting one of the most specialized physiological processes, the neuroexocytosis of higher organisms? The extreme potency of BoNT does not result from only one hyperactive step, but in contrast to other potent lethal toxins, from multi-step activity. The cumulative effects of the different steps, each having a limited effect, make BoNTs the most potent lethal toxins. This is a unique mode of evolution of a toxic compound, the high potency of which results from multiple steps driven by unknown selection pressure, targeting one of the most critical physiological process of higher organisms.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.