ReviewClinical rheumatology2019
Prolactin, autoimmunity, and motherhood: when should women avoid breastfeeding?
Review in Clinical rheumatology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Elevated plasma/serum levels of prolactin in patients with systemic sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Medicine · 2020Pooled it
- Impact of postpartum on patients with rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthritis: an ancillary analysis of the GR2 prospective cohort.RMD open · 2026Article
- Review
- Immune microenvironment dynamics in pregnant patients with concomitant autoimmune diseases: mechanisms, challenges, and clinical significance.Military Medical Research · 2026Review
- Breastfeeding determinants in Egyptian mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective cohort study.Lupus science & medicine · 2025Article
- Pregnancy and lactation induce distinct immune responses to COVID-19 booster vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Prolactin: A Key Immunoregulator in Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases.International journal of endocrinology · 2025Review
- The beneficial and detrimental effects of prolactin hormone on metabolic syndrome: A double-edge sword.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2024Review
- Helper T cells: A potential target for sex hormones to ameliorate rheumatoid arthritis? (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2024Review
- Exploring the association of serum prolactin with serum glucose levels and clinical findings in a cohort of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis.Advances in rheumatology (London, England) · 2024Observational
- The relationship between plasma prolactin levels and clinical manifestations with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2024Article
- Rare and Complicated Granulomatous Lobular Mastitis (2000-2023): A Bibliometrics Study and Visualization Analysis.Journal of inflammation research · 2024Review
- A cross-sectional study evidences regulations of leukocytes in the colostrum of mothers with obesity.BMC medicine · 2022Article
- High Expression Level of α2-3-Linked Sialic Acids on Salivary Glycoproteins of Breastfeeding Women May Help to Protect Them from Avian Influenza Virus Infection.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- The Role of Chicken Prolactin, Growth Hormone and Their Receptors in the Immune System.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Review
- T helper cell immunity in pregnancy and influence on autoimmune disease progression.Journal of autoimmunity · 2021Review
- The Influence of Treatment of Inflammatory Arthritis During Pregnancy on the Long-Term Children's Outcome.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Review
- Immunological adaptations in pregnancy that modulate rheumatoid arthritis disease activity.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2020Review
- Regulating Gut Microbiome: Therapeutic Strategy for Rheumatoid Arthritis During Pregnancy and Lactation.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2020Review
- Peripartum Cardiomyopathy: A Review.Current emergency and hospital medicine reports · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The sexual dimorphic prevalence of autoimmunity represents one of the most alluring observations among the mosaic of autoimmunity. Sex hormones are believed to be a mainstay of this asymmetry. The greater prevalence of autoimmunity among fertile women, disease onset/relapses during pregnancy, and postpartum are some of the points that support this theory. Undeniably, motherhood represents one of the most remarkable challenges for the immune system that not only has to allow for the conceptus but also deal with extraordinary hormonal alterations. Prolactin has a recognized immune-stimulatory effect, mainly inhibiting the negative selection of autoreactive B lymphocytes. In accordance, hyperprolactinemia has been associated with several autoimmune diseases, interfering with its pathogenesis and activity. During the pregnancy and lactation period, assorted autoimmune patients experience relapses, suggesting an active interference from increased levels of prolactin. This association was found to be significant in systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and peripartum cardiomyopathy. Furthermore, treatment with bromocriptine has shown beneficial effects specially among systemic lupus erythematosus patients. In this review, we attempt to provide a critical overview of the link between prolactin, autoimmune diseases, and motherhood, emphasizing whether breastfeeding should be avoided among women, both with diagnosed disease or high risk for its development.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.