ArticleJournal of molecular neuroscience : MN2019
Combination of Insulin with a GLP1 Agonist Is Associated with Better Memory and Normal Expression of Insulin Receptor Pathway Genes in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease.
Article in Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06072963 (Combination of Intranasal Insulin With Oral Semaglutide to Improve Cognition and Cerebral Blood Flow), which is not on this map. Cited by 22 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Combination of Intranasal Insulin With Oral Semaglutide to Improve Cognition and Cerebral Blood Flow: a Feasibility Study
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of antidiabetic drugs in Alzheimer´s disease: a systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies.Molecular neurodegeneration · 2025Pooled it
- Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists in experimental Alzheimer's disease models: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Pooled it
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Signaling in Learning and Memory: Evidence, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Implications.Biological psychiatry · 2026Review
- The promise of GLP-1 receptor agonists for neurodegenerative diseases.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- GLP-1 and the Degenerating Brain: Exploring Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Potential.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Antidiabetic GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Have Neuroprotective Properties in Experimental Animal Models of Alzheimer's Disease.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Anorexigenic and anti-inflammatory signaling pathways of semaglutide via the microbiota-gut--brain axis in obese mice.Inflammopharmacology · 2025Article
- Role of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.Journal of biomedical science · 2024Review
- Outer Membrane Vesicles Released from Garlic Exosome-like Nanoparticles (GaELNs) Train Gut Bacteria that Reverses Type 2 Diabetes via the Gut-Brain Axis.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2024Article
- Dementia risk in patients with type 2 diabetes: Comparing metformin with no pharmacological treatment.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2023Article
- Crosstalk between Alzheimer's disease and diabetes: a focus on anti-diabetic drugs.Metabolic brain disease · 2023Review
- Repositioning of Anti-Diabetic Drugs against Dementia: Insight from Molecular Perspectives to Clinical Trials.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- A feasibility study of the combination of intranasal insulin with dulaglutide for cognition in older adults with metabolic syndrome at high dementia risk - Study rationale and design.Mechanisms of ageing and development · 2023Article
- Bariatric Surgery and Gut-Brain-Axis Driven Alterations in Cognition and Inflammation.Journal of inflammation research · 2023Review
- The association between regional adiposity, cognitive function, and dementia-related brain changes: a systematic review.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Review
- Trends in insulin resistance: insights into mechanisms and therapeutic strategy.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2022Review
- The mechanism and efficacy of GLP-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Review
- Sex-specific transcriptional rewiring in the brain of Alzheimer's disease patients.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Article
- Key Disease Mechanisms Linked to Alzheimer's Disease in the Entorhinal Cortex.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Repurposing of Anti-Diabetic Agents as a New Opportunity to Alleviate Cognitive Impairment in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Disruption of brain insulin signaling may explain the higher Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk among type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients. There is evidence from in vitro and human postmortem studies that combination of insulin with hypoglycemic medications is neuroprotective and associated with less amyloid aggregation. We examined the effect of 8-month intranasal administration of insulin, exenatide (a GLP-1 agonist), combination therapy (insulin + exenatide) or saline, in wild-type (WT) and an AD-like mouse model (Tg2576). Mice were assessed for learning, gene expression of key mediators and effectors of the insulin receptor signaling pathway (IRSP-IRS1, AKT1, CTNNB1, INSR, IRS2, GSK3B, IGF1R, AKT3), and brain Amyloid Beta (Aβ) levels. In Tg2576 mice, combination therapy reduced expression of IRSP genes which was accompanied by better learning. Cortical Aβ levels were decreased by 15-30% in all groups compared to saline but this difference did not reach statistical significance. WT mice groups, with or without treatment, did not differ in any comparison. Disentangling the mechanisms underlying the potential beneficial effects of combination therapy on the IR pathway and AD-like behavior is warranted.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.