ReviewRespiratory research2019
Exhaled particles and small airways.
Review in Respiratory research, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 97 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
97 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Non-invasive oxygenation strategies for respiratory failure with COVID-19: A concise narrative review of literature in pre and mid-COVID-19 era.Anaesthesia, critical care & pain medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Classification of aerosol-generating procedures: a rapid systematic review.BMJ open respiratory research · 2020Pooled it
- Exhaled breath particles as a novel tool to study lipid composition of epithelial lining fluid from the distal lung.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2023Trial
- Inflammatory cytokines can be monitored in exhaled breath particles following segmental and inhalation endotoxin challenge in healthy volunteers.Scientific reports · 2022Trial
- Multimodal Optical and Ratiometric ATR-FTIR Discrimination of Mixed Aerosol Components Using pH-Responsive Methylcellulose-Phenol Red Films.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Respiratory Particle Emissions in Tracheostomized Outpatients: Comparable to Healthy Volunteers.Laryngoscope investigative otolaryngology · 2026Article
- Understanding Aerosol-Mediated Disease Transmission.ACS central science · 2025Review
- Phospholipid composition in small airway lining fluid among tunnel construction workers exposed to respirable crystalline silica.Lipids in health and disease · 2025Article
- Development of an inhalable dry powder formulation for inhibition of SARS-CoV-2.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2025Article
- Speaking Different Languages Impacts Size-Resolved Exhaled Breath Aerosol Particle Emission.Environment & health (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Article
- Aerosol Generation During Spirometry and Simulated Bronchodilator Challenge Testing in the Pulmonary Function Laboratory.Respiratory care · 2025Article
- Candidate transmission survival genome ofProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Chemical Analysis of Deep-Lung Fluid Derived from Exhaled Breath Particles.Analytical chemistry · 2025Article
- Development of a biorelevant dissolution method for inhalation products: Proof of concept using drugs with diverse solubilities.ADMET & DMPK · 2025Article
- Machine learning assisted breathomic approach for early-stage thoracic cancer detection.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- Accelerating the Diagnosis of Pandemic Infection Based on Rapid Sampling Algorithm for Fast-Response Breath Gas Analyzers.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- A breath-based in vitro diagnostic assay for the detection of lower respiratory tract infections.PNAS nexus · 2024Article
- The Role of Exhaled Breath Condensate in Chronic Inflammatory and Neoplastic Diseases of the Respiratory Tract.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Resolving the Loss of Intermediate-Size Speech Aerosols in Funnel-Guided Particle Counting Measurement.Atmosphere · 2024Article
- Respiratory infection transmission risk and indoor air quality at outpatient departments and emergency treatment units of Sri Lankan teaching hospitals.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
37 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundOriginally, studies on exhaled droplets explored properties of airborne transmission of infectious diseases. More recently, the interest focuses on properties of exhaled droplets as biomarkers, enabled by the development of technical equipment and methods for chemical analysis. Because exhaled droplets contain nonvolatile substances, particles is the physical designation. This review aims to outline the development in the area of exhaled particles, particularly regarding biomarkers and the connection with small airways, i e airways with an internal diameter < 2 mm. MAIN BODY: Generation mechanisms, sites of origin, number concentrations of exhaled particles and the content of nonvolatile substances are studied. Exhaled particles range in diameter from 0.01 and 1000 μm depending on generation mechanism and site of origin. Airway reopening is one scientifically substantiated particle generation mechanism. During deep expirations, small airways close and the reopening process produces minute particles. When exhaled, these particles have a diameter of < 4 μm. A size discriminating sampling of particles < 4 μm and determination of the size distribution, allows exhaled particle mass to be estimated. The median mass is represented by particles in the size range of 0.7 to 1.0 μm. Half an hour of repeated deep expirations result in samples in the order of nanogram to microgram. The source of these samples is the respiratory tract ling fluid of small airways and consists of lipids and proteins, similarly to surfactant. Early clinical studies of e g chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, reported altered particle formation and particle composition.
conclusionThe physical properties and content of exhaled particles generated by the airway reopening mechanism offers an exciting noninvasive way to obtain samples from the respiratory tract lining fluid of small airways. The biomarker potential is only at the beginning to be explored.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.