ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2019
The Impact of E-Cigarette Warnings, Warning Themes and Inclusion of Relative Harm Statements on Young Adults' E-Cigarette Perceptions and Use Intentions.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- Do Vaping Prevention Messages Impact Adolescents and Young Adults? A Meta-Analysis of Experimental Studies.Health communication · 2023Pooled it
- Effects of a Modified Exposure Claim for an e-Cigarette on Claim Comprehension, Behavioral Intentions, and Risk Perceptions Among US Adult Tobacco Users and Nonusers: Randomized Experimental Study.JMIR formative research · 2026Trial
- Effects of flavour and modified risk claims on nicotine pouch perceptions and use intentions among young adults who use inhalable nicotine and tobacco products: a randomised controlled trial.Tobacco control · 2025Trial
- Optimising messages and images for e-cigarette warnings.Tobacco control · 2025Trial
- Effects of Modified Risk Tobacco Product Claims on Consumer Responses.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Trial
- Impact of Financial Disclosures and Health Warnings on Youth and Young Adult Perceptions of Pro-E-cigarette Instagram Posts.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Trial
- Effects of modified risk tobacco product claims on consumer comprehension and risk perceptions of IQOS.Tobacco control · 2022Trial
- Communicating risk differences between electronic and combusted cigarettes: the role of the FDA-mandated addiction warning and a nicotine fact sheet.Tobacco control · 2020Trial
- Examining the impact of e-cigarette advertisement exposure with fruit flavour features among US young adults of varying tobacco-use statuses.Tobacco control · 2026Article
- The Impact of Health Warnings in e-Cigarette Content on Instagram on Adults' e-Cigarette Cognitions: Online Between-Subjects Experiment Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Building consensus on a set of ENDS-specific pictorial health warnings: a Delphi study among a tobacco control expert panel.Tobacco control · 2025Article
- Contingent Effects of E-Cigarette Warning Label Messages on Cognitive Elaboration and Fear Among U.S. Youth Ages 14-17 by Vaping Experience and Peer Vaping Behavior.Health communication · 2025Article
- The Role of e-Cigarette Packaging as a Health Communications Tool: A Focus Group Study With Adolescents and Adults in England and Scotland.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- Electronic Nicotine Delivery System Advertisement Trends After US Federal Policy Changes.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- The effectiveness of anti-vaping health communication campaigns among high school and college students in the U.S.Frontiers in public health · 2025Review
- Youth attention, perceptions, and appeal in response to e-cigarette advertising features: A focus group study.Preventive medicine reports · 2024Article
- Identifying promising themes and messages for youth vaping prevention: A national study.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2024Article
- Managing a policy paradox? Responses to textual warning labels on E-cigarette advertisements among U.S. national samples of youth overall and adults who smoke or vape.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2024Article
- Health warning labels on heated tobacco products and their impact on use intentions and risk perceptions: a cross-sectional study of adult tobacco users in the US and Israel.Israel journal of health policy research · 2023Article
- Assessing Attention to Tobacco Warnings With a Heatmapping Task.American journal of preventive medicine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Although e-cigarettes in the United States are required to carry one nicotine addiction warning, little is known about the impact of other potential e-cigarette warning themes, nor about pairing warnings with messages that communicate e-cigarettes' reduced-harm potential relative to cigarettes. We randomly assigned 876 young adults (ages 18⁻29) to view e-cigarette ads in a 3 × 2 plus control online experiment that varied by warning theme (i.e., nicotine addiction; nicotine's impact on adolescent brain development; presence of harmful chemicals) and warning type-i.e., the presence ("relative harm warning") or absence ("standard warning") of a relative harm (RH) statement in the warning label ("e-cigarettes may cause harm to health but are less harmful than cigarettes"). Warning believability, informativeness, understandability and support were high across conditions and there were no significant differences by warning theme on e-cigarette harm perceptions or use intentions nor on nicotine (mis)perceptions. Perceived warning effectiveness for discouraging youth initiation was higher for the "brain" and "chemicals" warnings compared to the addiction warning. Warnings with the included RH statement were perceived as less believable and credible and were less frequently correctly recalled. Research should continue to investigate the impact of different e-cigarette warning themes and formats with priority audiences.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.