ArticlePediatrics2019
Retinal Findings in Young Children With Increased Intracranial Pressure From Nontraumatic Causes.
Article in Pediatrics, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ophthalmologic assessment and intracranial pressure in children: diagnostic methods, clinical correlations, and future directions.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Review
- Outcome and Predisposing Factors for Intracranial Hemorrhage in Turkish Children with Hemophilia.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Retinal hemorrhages and damages from tractional forces associated with infantile abusive head trauma evaluated by wide-field fundus photography.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Transorbital point-of-care ultrasound versus fundoscopic papilledema to support treatment indication for potentially elevated intracranial pressure in children.Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2024Article
- Influence of sex and disease etiology on the development of papilledema and optic nerve sheath extension in the setting of intracranial pressure elevation in children.Brain & spine · 2024Article
- Article
- Retinal vein occlusion with cerebral infarction in a preterm neonate: a case report.BMC pediatrics · 2021Article
- Magnetic resonance imaging of optic nerve and optic sheath hemorrhages in child abuse.Pediatric radiology · 2021Review
- Retinal and visual function in infants with non-accidental trauma and retinal hemorrhages.Documenta ophthalmologica. Advances in ophthalmology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 11 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesIncreased intracranial pressure (ICP) has been suggested in legal settings as an alternative cause of retinal hemorrhages (RHs) in young children who may have sustained abusive head trauma. We assessed the prevalence and characteristics of RHs in children with increased ICP.
methodsWe conducted a prospective, multicenter study of children <4 years old with newly diagnosed increased ICP as determined by using direct measurement and/or clinical criteria. Infants who were premature, neonates, and suspected survivors of abusive head trauma were excluded on the basis of nonocular findings. Fundus examinations were performed; extent, number, and type of RH in each of 4 distinct retinal zones were recorded.
resultsFifty-six children (27 boys) were studied (mean age 15.4 months; range 1-43 months). All of the children had elevated ICP that required intervention. One child had papilledema. No child (0%; 95% confidence interval: 0%-6.4%) or eye (0%; 95% confidence interval: 0%-3.3%) was found to have an RH. Causes of increased ICP included hydrocephalus, intraventricular hemorrhage, congenital malformations, malfunctioning shunts, and the presence of intracranial space-occupying lesions.
conclusionsAlthough acute increased ICP can present in children with a pattern of peripapillary superficial RHs in the presence of papilledema, our study supports the conclusion that RHs rarely occur in the absence of optic disc swelling and do not present beyond the peripapillary area in the entities we have studied.
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