ArticlePloS one2019
On the prevalence of racial discrimination in the United States.
Article in PloS one, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 160 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
App-Based Mindfulness Meditation for People of Color Who Experience Race-Related Stress: A Randomized Control Trial
Self-Concept Reinforcement for Early School Readiness: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of a Clinic-Based Intervention for Young African American Children
Structural Racism, Neurocognition in Reward Related Decision Making and Substance Use Risk
Who cites it
160 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A Systematic Review of Black People Coping With Racism: Approaches, Analysis, and Empowerment.Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2023Pooled it
- Discrimination experiences are associated with same-day and next-day smoking among adults with low socio-economic status trying to quit: A secondary analysis of data from a randomized clinical trial.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Trial
- A Self-Guided App-Based Mindfulness Intervention for Racially and Ethnically Minoritized Individuals Who Experience Discrimination-Related Mental Health Symptoms: Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Trial
- Different trajectories of relationship satisfaction among rural Black couples following preventive relationship intervention.Journal of consulting and clinical psychology · 2024Trial
- Stress grounded in experiences of racial discrimination: a cluster analysis among a racially diverse sample in Canada.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2026Article
- Racism and alterations in brain structure and function: A narrative review of emerging neuroimaging evidence in racialized individuals.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2026Review
- Unpacking Multiple Forms of Discrimination Experiences in Racial/Ethnic Subgroups of Emerging Adults.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Co-occurrence of racism-based trauma symptoms and depressive symptoms among college students of color.Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy · 2026Article
- Heart rate variability and emotion regulation: Multiethnic differences in reappraisal and suppression.Emotion (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Article
- Interwoven oppression: A qualitative study of the contribution of racism and sexism to co-occurring PTSD and substance use disorder.American journal of community psychology · 2026Article
- Proactive coping with racial discrimination May exacerbate race-based traumatic stress in diverse young adults.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Article
- Racial Discrimination Moderates the Association Between Alcohol Consumption and Alcohol-Related Consequences Among One First Nation Reserve Community's Youth.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Reported Racial Discrimination in Healthcare Settings and Impacts on Health Outcomes in a Racially Diverse Sample in the United States: Findings from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Adverse childhood experiences, adult adiposity, and risk of young-onset breast cancer subtypes in a population-based case-control study.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2026Article
- Social Determinants and Mental Health Care Utilization Among Individuals at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis.Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Article
- Perceived Racial Stress Effects on Neuropsychological Functioning in African Americans are Mediated by the Brain's Reward/Safety SEEKING Systems via Neuroimmune and Neuroendocrine Pathways.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Social Capital, Perceived Discrimination, and Depressive Symptoms Among Older Adults Across Three Racial/Ethnic Groups.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Vicarious Racial Discrimination and Mental Health among Adults: A Scoping Review of Literature Published between 2010 and 2023.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Review
- Vigilance and Well-Being in Daily Life: An Examination of Race Differences.Race and social problems · 2026Article
- Anticipated discrimination in daily life: Predictors, stress appraisals, and responses.PloS one · 2026Article
100 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Boutwell, Nedelec, Winegard, Shackelford, Beaver, Vaughn, Barnes, & Wright (2017) published an article in this journal that interprets data from the Add Health dataset as showing that only one-quarter of individuals in the United States experience discrimination. In Study 1, we attempted to replicate Boutwell et al.'s findings using a more direct measure of discrimination. Using data from the Pew Research Center, we examined a large sample of American respondents (N = 3,716) and explored the prevalence of discrimination experiences among various racial groups. Our findings stand in contrast to Boutwell et al.'s estimates, revealing that between 50% and 75% of Black, Hispanic, and Asian respondents (depending on the group and analytic approach) reported discriminatory treatment. In Study 2, we explored whether question framing affected how participants responded to Boutwell's question about experiencing less respect and courtesy. Regardless of question framing, non-White participants reported more experiences than White participants. Further, there was an interaction of participant race and question framing such that when participants were asked about experiences of less respect or courtesy broadly, there were no differences between non-White participants and White participants, but when they were asked about experiences that were specifically race-based, non-White participants reported more experiences than White participants. The current research provides a counterweight to the claim that discrimination is not a prevalent feature of the lives of minority groups and the serious implications this claim poses for research and public policy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.