ReviewCurrent neurology and neuroscience reports2019
Defining Cognitive Reserve and Implications for Cognitive Aging.
Review in Current neurology and neuroscience reports, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 194 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
194 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Risk factors for mild cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Pooled it
- Multifactorial approaches to study bilingualism in the aging population: Past, present, future.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Pooled it
- Electroencephalography, Magnetoencephalography, and Cognitive Reserve: A Systematic Review.Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists · 2021Pooled it
- Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in community-dwelling Chinese populations aged over 55 years: a meta-analysis and systematic review.BMC geriatrics · 2021Pooled it
- Measuring Cognitive Reserve (CR) - A systematic review of measurement properties of CR questionnaires for the adult population.PloS one · 2019Pooled it
- Feasibility of lifestyle interventions for cognition in adults with low education.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Cognitive heterogeneity, health dynamics, and subjective well-being across adulthood: evidence from the German SOEP longitudinal panel.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Lights for aging: Can photobiomodulation restore functionality in the cerebral networks of aged individuals?Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Stress and glucocorticoid exposure as a critical environmental risk factor for Alzheimer's disease.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2026Article
- The effect of theta-gamma coupling on response to cognitive remediation combined with transcranial direct current stimulation in older adults at high risk for dementia: a PACt-MD secondary analysis.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Vulnerability of locus coeruleus connections to aging and Alzheimer's disease.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- The clinical Alzheimer's disease spectrum classified in the A/T/N framework withEuropean journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2026Observational
- Lifelong cognitive reserve as a resilience factor for frailty progression and recovery in later life.BMC geriatrics · 2026Article
- Shared genetic architecture of schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease and related dementias implicates 16p11.2 and lifespan brain vulnerability.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Seven-year progression of white matter hyperintensities and age-related cognitive change in healthy middle-aged and older adults.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Epigenetic Age and Resilience in the Framingham Heart Study.Neurology open access · 2026Article
- Neurocognitive Aging Following Acute Illness: Pathobiology and a Framework for Developing Neurotherapeutic Agents.Brain and behavior · 2026Review
- Opioid use disorder and dementia risk: evidence from observational and genetic analyses in diverse ancestry cohorts.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Cognitive Assessment for Neuropsychological Impairments in Dogs (CANID): An Efficient, Repeatable, and Sensitive Evaluation for Age-related Cognitive Dysfunction.Research square · 2026Article
134 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purpose of reviewThe aim of this review is to summarize current conceptual models of cognitive reserve (CR) and related concepts and to discuss evidence for these concepts within the context of aging and Alzheimer's disease. RECENT
findingsEvidence to date supports the notion that higher levels of CR, as measured by proxy variables reflective of lifetime experiences, are associated with better cognitive performance, and with a reduced risk of incident mild cognitive impairment/dementia. However, the impact of CR on longitudinal cognitive trajectories is unclear and may be influenced by a number of factors. Although there is promising evidence that some proxy measures of CR may influence structural brain measures, more research is needed. The protective effects of CR may provide an important mechanism for preserving cognitive function and cognitive well-being with age, in part because it can be enhanced throughout the lifespan. However, more research on the mechanisms by which CR is protective is needed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.