ArticleJournal of virology2019
Why Are CD8 T Cell Epitopes of Human Influenza A Virus Conserved?
Article in Journal of virology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Divergent pathogenic mechanisms of influenza A and influenza B viruses.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Immune history confers antibody- and T cell-dependent cross-protection against highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Role of antiviral CD8+ T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination.Journal of virology · 2025Review
- Adjuvant-free, self-assembling ferritin nanoparticle vaccine coupled with influenza virus hemagglutinin protein carrying M1 and PADRE epitopes elicits cross-protective immune responses.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
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- Immuno-informatics study identifies conserved T cell epitopes in non-structural proteins of Bluetongue virus serotypes: formulation of a computationally optimized next-generation broad-spectrum multi-epitope vaccine.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Vaccinomics: A scoping review.Vaccine · 2023Article
- cGAMP-adjuvanted multivalent influenza mRNA vaccines induce broadly protective immunity through cutaneous vaccination in mice.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2022Article
- Evolutionary pressures rendered by animal husbandry practices for avian influenza viruses to adapt to humans.iScience · 2022Review
- BepiTBR: T-B reciprocity enhances B cell epitope prediction.iScience · 2022Article
- Post-vaccination T cell immunity to omicron.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Review
- Robust induction of TMolecular therapy. Methods & clinical development · 2021Article
- Article
- Immunity to Influenza Infection in Humans.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2021Review
- Bacteriophage T4 Vaccine Platform for Next-Generation Influenza Vaccine Development.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Immunoinformatic Analysis Reveals Antigenic Heterogeneity of Epstein-Barr Virus Is Immune-Driven.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Conserved epitopes with high HLA-I population coverage are targets of CD8Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Harnessing Cross-Reactive CD8Viral immunology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The high degree of conservation of CD8 T cell epitopes of influenza A virus (IAV) may allow for the development of T cell-inducing vaccines that provide protection across different strains and subtypes. This conservation is not fully explained by functional constraint, since an additional mutation(s) can compensate for the replicative fitness loss of IAV escape variants. Here, we propose three additional mechanisms that contribute to the conservation of CD8 T cell epitopes of IAV. First, influenza-specific CD8 T cells may protect predominantly against severe pathology rather than infection and may have only a modest effect on transmission. Second, polymorphism of the human major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) gene restricts the advantage of an escape variant to only a small fraction of the human population who carry the relevant MHC-I alleles. Finally, infection with CD8 T cell escape variants may result in a compensatory increase in the responses to other epitopes of IAV. We use a combination of population genetics and epidemiological models to examine how the interplay between these mechanisms affects the rate of invasion of IAV escape variants. We conclude that for a wide range of biologically reasonable parameters, the invasion of an escape variant virus will be slow, with a timescale of a decade or more. The results suggest T cell-inducing vaccines do not engender the rapid evolution of IAV. Finally, we identify key parameters whose measurement will allow for more accurate quantification of the long-term effectiveness and impact of universal T cell-inducing influenza vaccines.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.