ArticleMarine drugs2019
Immunostimulatory Effects of Chitooligosaccharides on RAW 264.7 Mouse Macrophages via Regulation of the MAPK and PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathways.
Article in Marine drugs, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Recent Updates in Pharmacological Properties of Chitooligosaccharides.BioMed research international · 2019Pooled it
- Chitosan Oligosaccharides Modulate Macrophage Inflammatory Signaling: Molecular Docking and Transcriptomic Evidence.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Immunomodulatory effects of chitosan oligosaccharides produced by chitosanase from Bacillus isolate.AMB Express · 2025Article
- Article
- Chitosan oligosaccharide enhances the anti-cancer effects of 5-fluorouracil on SNU-C5 colorectal cancer cells by activating ERK.Oncology research · 2025Article
- Synergistic Immunostimulatory Activities of Probiotic Strains,Microorganisms · 2023Article
- Investigation of Immunostimulatory Effects of Heat-TreatedFood science of animal resources · 2022Article
- Chitooligosaccharide Conjugates Prepared Using Several Phenolic Compounds via Ascorbic Acid/HFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Chitosan Oligosaccharides Alleviate Colitis by Regulating Intestinal Microbiota and PPARγ/SIRT1-Mediated NF-κB Pathway.Marine drugs · 2022Article
- Recent Advances in Chitosan and its Derivatives in Cancer Treatment.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Review
- Protective Effect of Chitosan Oligosaccharide against Hydrogen Peroxide-Mediated Oxidative Damage and Cell Apoptosis via Activating Nrf2/ARE Signaling Pathway.Neurotoxicity research · 2021Article
- Mannose Receptor Mediates the Activation of Chitooligosaccharides on Blunt Snout Bream (Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Nonhost Disease Resistance in Pea: Chitosan's Suggested Role in DNA Minor Groove Actions Relative to Phytoalexin-Eliciting Anti-Cancer Compounds.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Immunomodulatory Effects ofMarine drugs · 2020Article
- Immunomodulatory Effects of a Low-Molecular Weight Polysaccharide fromMarine drugs · 2020Article
- Synthesis of Biotin-Tagged Chitosan Oligosaccharides and Assessment of Their Immunomodulatory Activity.Frontiers in chemistry · 2020Article
- Wound Healing Potential of Spirulina Protein on CCD-986sk Cells.Marine drugs · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (COS), the hydrolyzed products of chitin and chitosan, can be obtained by various methods. In this study, water-soluble COS were prepared from α- and β-chitosan by microwave-assisted degradation and their immunostimulatory effects were investigated in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The results indicated that α-COS were more active than β-COS in promoting the production of nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting indicated that COS also enhanced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and TNF-α. Further analyses demonstrated that COS induced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, p85 and Akt, and the nuclear translocation of p65, indicating that they are able to activate the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathways dependent on nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation. In conclusion, COS activate RAW 264.7 cells via the MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways and are potential novel immune potentiators.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.