ArticleThe Permanente journal2019
Westernized Diet is the Most Ubiquitous Environmental Factor in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Article in The Permanente journal, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 83 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
83 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 132 citations in OpenAlex.
- Meta-Analysis: Exclusive Enteral Nutrition in Adults With Ulcerative Colitis.Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics · 2025Pooled it
- A foundation systematic review of natural language processing applied to gastroenterology & hepatology.BMC gastroenterology · 2025Pooled it
- Association between pro-inflammatory diet and ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Dietary Intake of Total Carbohydrates, Sugar and Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2021Pooled it
- Predefined Diets in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2020Pooled it
- A pilot randomized controlled trial investigating the effects of an anti-inflammatory dietary pattern on disease activity, symptoms and microbiota profile in adults with inflammatory bowel disease.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2024Trial
- High Remission Rate with Infliximab and Plant-Based Diet as First-Line (IPF) Therapy for Severe Ulcerative Colitis: Single-Group Trial.The Permanente journal · 2020Trial
- Relapse Prevention by Plant-Based Diet Incorporated into Induction Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis: A Single-Group Trial.The Permanente journal · 2019Trial
- Climate classification, sociodemographic development, and the burden of inflammatory bowel disease in tropical countries.Tropical medicine and health · 2026Article
- Association of Dietary Components and Combined Dietary Profiles with Ulcerative Colitis: A Case-Control Study.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Protective Effect of Apiaceous Vegetables against Total Western Diet- and Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice.The Journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Preventive Effect ofNutrients · 2026Article
- Short-term caloric restriction partially reprograms immune and microbial networks during acute DSS-induced colitis.Genes & nutrition · 2026Article
- A decade of clinical data with vedolizumab: the past, present, and future.Therapeutic advances in gastroenterology · 2026Review
- Gut microbiota and epigenetic inheritance: implications for the development of IBD.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Advancements in Immunomodulatory Therapies for IBD and Their Interplay With the Gut-Brain Axis: An Updated Review of Current Literature and Beyond.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Increased Fiber Intake Enhances Clostridia Bacteria and Reduces Clinical Relapse in Patients With Clinically Quiescent Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Prospective Longitudinal Study.JGH open : an open access journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2025Article
- Fibroblast lipid metabolism through ACSL4 regulates epithelial sensitivity to ferroptosis in IBD.Nature metabolism · 2025Article
- Development of a Transcriptional Biosensor for Hydrogen Sulfide That Functions under Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions.ACS synthetic biology · 2025Article
- Serological Assessment of Hepatitis in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Taiwan: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
23 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a collective term for Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis, is a polygenic disease thought to be triggered by environmental factors. A Western or westernized lifestyle may be a major driver of the growing incidence of IBD. IBD may represent dysregulated mucosal inflammation to gut microbiota. Despite many review articles on environmental factors in IBD, no consensus exists regarding which factor contributes most to trigger the onset of IBD. Identification and recognition of major environmental factors are prerequisite for effective disease treatment and prevention. Representative environmental factors such as smoking, breastfeeding, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotic use in childhood, oral contraceptives, and appendectomy do not correlate with disease onset in most patients with IBD. In contrast, diet appears to be important in most cases of IBD. Diets rich in animal protein (risk factor) and deficient in dietary fiber (preventive factor) are characteristic of westernized diets in affluent societies. Recent research shows that westernized diets are associated with a reduced gut microbial diversity (dysbiosis), which may result in increased susceptibility to IBD and other common chronic diseases. Plant-based diets rich in dietary fiber are associated with increased microbial diversity. Recent reports on IBD therapy that replaced westernized diets with plant-based diets achieved far better outcomes than those previously reported in the literature. We believe that westernized diet-associated gut dysbiosis is the most ubiquitous environmental factor in IBD. Adoption of this concept may have the potential to provide a better quality of life for patients with IBD.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.