ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence2019
Prenatal cocaine exposure: Direct and indirect associations with 21-year-old offspring substance use and behavior problems.
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Systematic Review: Polysubstance Prevalence Estimates Reported during Pregnancy, US, 2009-2020.Maternal and child health journal · 2023Pooled it
- Black Father's Influence on Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in the United States: A Narrative Synthesis of Literature.American journal of men's healthPooled it
- Efficacy signals in a 12-week trial of clavulanic acid to decrease cocaine use.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Trial
- Melanin-Concentrating Hormone (MCH): Role in Mediating Reward-Motivated and Emotional Behavior and the Behavioral Disturbances Produced by Repeated Exposure to Reward Substances.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- An examination of substance use trends among adolescents receiving mental health treatment in Ontario.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Prenatal cocaine exposure and self-reported behavioral adjustments from ages 12 to 21: environmental pathways.Psychological medicine · 2024Article
- The Reporting of Race and Ethnicity in the Conduct Disorder Literature: A Time-Sensitive Review.Psychiatric research and clinical practice · 2024Review
- Investigating the associations between prenatal exposure to substances and intergenerational maltreatment and symptoms of psychopathology for adolescent girls from families with low income.Child abuse & neglect · 2024Article
- Prenatal Substance Exposure.Annual review of developmental psychology · 2023Article
- Prenatal cocaine exposure and substance use disorder in emerging adulthood at age 21.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2023Article
- The Associations of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) With Substance Use in Young Adults: A Systematic Review.Substance abuse : research and treatment · 2023Review
- Syndemics of Sexually Transmitted Infections in a Sample of Racially Diverse Pregnant Young Women.Maternal and child health journal · 2022Article
- The GNE-KLH anti-cocaine vaccine protects dams and offspring from cocaine-induced effects during the prenatal and lactating periods.Molecular psychiatry · 2021Article
- Article
- Effects of Fetal Substance Exposure on Offspring Substance Use.Pediatric clinics of North America · 2019Review
- Does prenatal cocaine exposure predict adolescent substance use?Neurotoxicology and teratologyArticle
- Prenatal drug exposure and executive function in early adolescence.Neurotoxicology and teratologyArticle
- Cognitive and functional outcomes at age 21 after prenatal cocaine/polydrug exposure and foster/adoptive care.Neurotoxicology and teratologyArticle
- Pathways from prenatal cocaine exposure to adult substance use and behavior.Neurotoxicology and teratologyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPrenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) has been linked to child/adolescent behavior problems and substance use in several longitudinal cohort studies. It is unclear whether these effects extend into adulthood and influence young adult behavior problems and substance use and, if so, whether they are mediated by childhood and adolescent experiences.
methodsThese data are from an ongoing longitudinal study of individuals born to women who were recruited early in pregnancy. Trimester-specific data on prenatal drug exposure were obtained. Caregivers and offspring were assessed at delivery and at 1, 3, 7, 10, 15, and 21 years postpartum. This report is from age 21, when 225 offspring (52% females; 54% African American, 46% Caucasian) reported on behavior problems, emotion regulation, and substance use.
resultsThere were significant direct associations between PCE and early initiation of marijuana, 21-year emotion regulation problems, arrest history, and Conduct Disorder. The relation between PCE and young adult internalizing behavior was mediated by adolescent mood symptoms. The association between PCE and 21-year marijuana use was mediated by early initiation of marijuana use.
conclusionsPCE has both direct and indirect long-term associations with young adult development. Using statistical models that considered the complex interrelationships among PCE and adult outcomes, we demonstrated that the direct effects of PCE on young adult emotion regulation problems, arrest history, and Conduct Disorder are not completely explained by earlier adolescent behavior. Moreover, the analyses suggesting mediated pathways from PCE to young adult problems identify crucial variables to target interventions for exposed children and adolescents.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.