SynthesisParasites & vectors2019
Anthroponotic transmission of Cryptosporidium parvum predominates in countries with poorer sanitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Parasites & vectors, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cryptosporidium in Rabbits: A Global Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prevalence, Species/Genotypes Distribution and Zoonotic Significance.Veterinary medicine and science · 2025Pooled it
- Multilocus Oxford Nanopore sequencing reveals genetic diversity of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in surface and wastewater in Southwestern Colombia.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Review
- Emergence ofMicroorganisms · 2025Article
- Molecular Epidemiological Survey ofAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Donkeys of Inner Mongolia, Northern China.Acta parasitologica · 2025Article
- Genetic diversity ofCurrent research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2025Article
- Article
- Assessment of the potential occurrence ofJournal of parasitic diseases : official organ of the Indian Society for Parasitology · 2024Article
- Bacterial, Fungal, and Parasitic Zoonoses.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in dairy cattle in Central Inner Mongolia, Northern China.BMC veterinary research · 2023Article
- A Systematic Review of Apicomplexa Looking into Epigenetic Pathways and the Opportunity for Novel Therapies.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Review
- Global Population Genomics of Two Subspecies of Cryptosporidium hominis during 500 Years of Evolution.Molecular biology and evolution · 2022Article
- Genetic diversity ofJournal of parasitic diseases : official organ of the Indian Society for Parasitology · 2022Article
- An Update on ZoonoticAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2021Review
- Absence ofParasitology · 2021Article
- Review
- Transmission of Cryptosporidium Species Among Human and Animal Local Contact Networks in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Multicountry Study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Article
- Molecular Epidemiology of Human Cryptosporidiosis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundGlobally cryptosporidiosis is one of the commonest causes of mortality in children under 24 months old and may be associated with important longterm health effects. Whilst most strains of Cryptosporidium parvum are zoonotic, C. parvum IIc is almost certainly anthroponotic. The global distribution of this potentially important emerging infection is not clear.
methodsWe conducted a systematic review of papers identifying the subtype distribution of C. parvum infections globally. We searched PubMed and Scopus using the following key terms Cryptospor* AND parvum AND (genotyp* OR subtyp* OR gp60). Studies were eligible for inclusion if they had found C. parvum within their human study population and had subtyped some or all of these samples using standard gp60 subtyping. Pooled analyses of the proportion of strains being of the IIc subtype were determined using StatsDirect. Meta-regression analyses were run to determine any association between the relative prevalence of IIc and Gross Domestic Product, proportion of the population with access to improved drinking water and improved sanitation.
resultsFrom an initial 843 studies, 85 were included in further analysis. Cryptosporidium parvum IIc was found in 43 of these 85 studies. Across all studies the pooled estimate of relative prevalence of IIc was 19.0% (95% CI: 12.9-25.9%), but there was substantial heterogeneity. In a meta-regression analysis, the relative proportion of all C. parvum infections being IIc decreased as the percentage of the population with access to improved sanitation increased and was some 3.4 times higher in those studies focussing on HIV-positive indivduals.
conclusionsThe anthroponotic C. parvum IIc predominates primarily in lower-income countries with poor sanitation and in HIV-positive individuals. Given the apparent enhanced post-infectious virulence of the other main anthroponotic species of Cryptosporidium (C. hominis), it is important to learn about the impact of this subtype on human health.
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