Evidence map›Paper›PMID 30621680›Full record

Observational studyBMC women's health2019

Using the health belief model to assess beliefs and behaviors regarding cervical cancer screening among Saudi women: a cross-sectional observational study.

Arwa I Aldohaian, Sulaiman A Alshammari, Danyah M Arafah

Abstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in BMC women's health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
46citing papers in PubMed, 6 pooled it
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

46 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Arwa I AldohaianDepartment of Family & community medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud Medical University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. arwaksu2009@gmail.com.ORCID 0000-0002-9610-8408
Sulaiman A AlshammariDepartment of Family & community medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud Medical University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Danyah M ArafahDepartment of Family & community medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud Medical University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundCervical cancer in Saudi Arabia is ranked as the third most frequent gynecological cancer among women. The Pap smear test is a screening test that can be used as a primary prevention tool for cervical cancer, and prophylactic vaccination against HPV is also considered to be a factor in decreasing the prevalence of the disease. This study aimed to assess women's beliefs about cervical cancer and the Pap smear test. In addition, the relationship between cervical cancer and the social and demographic characteristics was also evaluated.

methodsA descriptive cross-sectional study was performed among Saudi women living in Riyadh in 2018. Women were randomly selected, and the total sample size was 450. A predesigned self-administered questionnaire that included the Health Belief Model scale was used to collect data. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0. P values < 0.05 were considered as statistically significant in this study.

resultsAmong the 450 participants, the Pap smear test uptake was 26% and the HPV vaccine uptake was less than 1%. A low education level and family history for cervical cancer were significantly associated with the belief of high susceptibility for developing cervical cancer (p < 0.05). The seriousness of the disease was recognized by 38%, and the benefit of screening was recognized by 82% of the participants. In addition, 27% of the participants perceived barriers to obtaining a Pap smear test.

conclusionsThis study showed a high level of perception regarding benefits and motivation, and a low incidence of perceived barriers among women regarding cervical cancer screening. However, these attitudinal aspects did not translate into practice, as reflected by the low uptake of the screening test. Our findings imply that concerted efforts are needed to promote cervical cancer screening programs in Saudi Arabia. In view of the planned implementation of Saudi vision 2030, which emphasizes on prevention, we recommend launching a national cervical cancer screening program, to be available and accessible to all women in primary health care centers and hospitals.

Indexed as

Health Knowledge, Attitudes, PracticeAdultCross-Sectional StudiesEarly Detection of CancerFemaleHumansMiddle AgedPapanicolaou TestPapillomavirus VaccinesPatient Acceptance of Health CareSaudi ArabiaSurveys and QuestionnairesUterine Cervical NeoplasmsVaginal SmearsPapillomavirus VaccinesCervical cancer screeningHealth belief modelHPV vaccine

Identifiers

PMID30621680
PMCPMC6323726

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.