ReviewBMC medical education2019
Cultural awareness workshops: limitations and practical consequences.
Review in BMC medical education, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Indigenous people's experiences of primary health care in Canada: a qualitative systematic review.Health promotion and chronic disease prevention in Canada : research, policy and practice · 2024Pooled it
- Healthcare practitioners' perspectives of providing palliative care to patients from culturally diverse backgrounds: a qualitative systematic review.BMC palliative care · 2023Pooled it
- Health professional perspectives on translation of cultural safety concepts into practice: A scoping study.Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Exploring the Relationship Between Cultural Competence and Nursing Students' Attitudes on Brain Drain: A Correlational and Cross-Sectional Research.Nursing open · 2026Article
- A qualitative study exploring the help seeking attitudes and barriers to support for Pasifika young people.Public health in practice (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Navigating the Spanish Healthcare System: Perspectives of Newcomers and Cultural Mediators on Communication, Relationships, and Fear of Deportation.Journal of nursing management · 2026Article
- "The Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Community Is Not Just Minoritised But Ignored": Engaging Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Communities in Australia With Blood-Borne Viruses and Sexually Transmissible Infections Healthcare.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2025Article
- Understanding Diversity: The Cultural Knowledge Profile of Nurses Prior to Transcultural Education in Light of a Triangulated Study Based on the Giger and Davidhizar Model.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Exploring the implicit meanings of 'cultural diversity': a critical conceptual analysis of commonly used approaches in medical education.Advances in health sciences education : theory and practice · 2025Review
- Clinicians' lived experience of concealing bad news: a qualitative study in Malaysia and the UK.BMJ open · 2025Article
- The cultural competence of nurses and its relationship to socio-demographic factors: a cross-sectional survey.BMC nursing · 2025Article
- Evaluating group dynamics through peer assessment during a global student collaboration of interprofessional healthcare education: A longitudinal study across 33 universities.Anatomical sciences education · 2025Article
- Knowledge is power: understandings of accessibility from mental health service providers in ethnically diverse communities.Cogent mental health · 2025Article
- Common Elements of Trauma-Informed Schools and Attention to Racial Equity: A Scoping Review.School mental health · 2024Article
- A guide to establishing, implementing, and optimizing diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility (DEIA) committees.American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology · 2024Article
- Evaluating the impact of 'Ask the Specialist Plus': a training program for improving cultural safety and communication in hospital-based healthcare.BMC health services research · 2024Article
- Cultural considerations in gastroenterology: barriers to care and a call for humility and action.Translational gastroenterology and hepatology · 2024Review
- Lay Misperceptions of Culture as "Biological" and Suggestions for Reducing Them.Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2024Article
- From a learning opportunity to a conscious multidimensional change: a metasynthesis of transcultural learning experiences among nursing students.BMC nursing · 2023Article
- Testing the Assumptions in the Process of Cultural Competence in the Delivery of Healthcare Services Using Empirical Data, Focusing on Cultural Awareness.Journal of transcultural nursing : official journal of the Transcultural Nursing Society · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cultural awareness training for health professionals is now commonplace across a variety of sectors. Its popularity has spawned several alternatives (i.e., cultural competence, cultural safety, cultural humility, cultural intelligence) and overlapping derivatives (diversity training, anti-racism training, micro-aggression training). The ever-increasing reach of cultural awareness initiatives in health settings has generally been well intentioned - to improve cross-cultural clinical encounters and patient outcomes with the broader expectation of reducing health disparities. Yet the capacity of cultural awareness training to accomplish or even impact such outcomes is seldom comprehensively scrutinized. In response, this paper applies a much needed critical lens to cultural awareness training and its derivatives by examining their underpinning philosophies, assumptions and most importantly, verification of their effectiveness. The paper finds cultural awareness approaches to be over-generalizing, simplistic and impractical. They may even induce unintended negative consequences. Decades of research point to their failure to realize meaningful outcomes in health care settings and beyond. Broader expectations of their capacity to reduce health disparities are almost certainly unachievable. Alternative suggestions for improving cross-cultural health care interactions and research are discussed within.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.