SynthesisBMC public health2019
Systematic review of HIV treatment adherence research among people who inject drugs in the United States and Canada: evidence to inform pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) adherence interventions.
Synthesis in BMC public health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis of Factors Affecting Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Willingness Among Black Women for HIV Prevention.AIDS and behavior · 2025Pooled it
- Interventions to Improve Adherence to Oral Pre-exposure Prophylaxis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis.AIDS and behavior · 2024Pooled it
- Promoting HIV care continuum outcomes among people who use drugs and alcohol: a systematic review of randomized trials evaluating behavioral HIV care interventions published from 2011 to 2023.BMC public health · 2023Pooled it
- Effectiveness and acceptability of conversational agents for sexual health promotion: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Sexual health · 2022Pooled it
- Homelessness and health-related outcomes: an umbrella review of observational studies and randomized controlled trials.BMC medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Suboptimal HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Awareness and Willingness to Use Among Women Who Use Drugs in the United States: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.AIDS and behavior · 2019Pooled it
- Examining the Accuracy of Self-Reported Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence Using a Visual Analog Scale Among Opioid-Dependent People Living with HIV.AIDS and behavior · 2024Trial
- Persistent HIV Transmission Misconceptions Among People Who Inject Drugs in Massachusetts, USA.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Intimate Partner Violence Victimization and HIV PrEP Adherence Among Gay, Bisexual Men, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men in Ukraine.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Sex differences in cancer incidence among people with HIV infection in the United States.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2026Article
- Incarceration history and HIV testing among people who inject drugs in the Boston metro area: a pooled cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Impact of Social Drivers of Health, Self-Efficacy, and Substance Use on COVID-19 Preventative Behaviors Among Persons Who Inject Drugs with Hepatitis C: The HERO Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and medications for opioid use disorder for persons who inject drugs: the CHORUS + randomized controlled trial study protocol.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2025Article
- Rapid initiation of antiretrovirals at a syringe services program for people with HIV who inject drugs.Annals of medicine · 2025Article
- Substance Use Classes Among YMSM in an HIV Digital Health Intervention Program: Implications for Acceptability, Engagement, and Health Outcomes.AIDS and behavior · 2025Article
- Long-Acting Injectable Prep for People Who Inject Drugs at a Syringe Services Program: A Qualitative Acceptability and Feasibility Study.AIDS and behavior · 2025Article
- "Ashamed of being seen in an HIV clinic": a qualitative analysis of barriers to engaging in HIV care from the perspectives of patients and healthcare workers in the Daraja clinical trial.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Article
- Readiness to implement contingency management to promote PrEP initiation and adherence among people who inject drugs: results from a multi-site implementation survey.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPeople who inject drugs (PWID) are at increased risk for HIV acquisition and could benefit from antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). However, PrEP has been underutilized in this population, and PrEP adherence intervention needs are understudied.
methodsTo inform PrEP intervention development, we reviewed evidence on antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence among HIV-infected PWID. Guided by a behavioral model of healthcare utilization and using the PICOS framework, we conducted a systematic review in four electronic databases to identify original research studies of ART adherence in HIV-infected PWID in the United States and Canada between Jan 1, 2006-Dec 31, 2016. We synthesized and interpreted findings related to developing recommendations for PrEP adherence interventions for PWID.
resultsAfter excluding 618 duplicates and screening 1049 unique records, we retained 20 studies of PWID (mean n = 465) with adherence-related outcomes (via pharmacy records: n = 9; self-report: n = 8; biological markers: n = 5; electronic monitoring: n = 2). Predisposing factors (patient-level barriers to adherence) included younger age, female sex, and structural vulnerability (e.g., incarceration, homelessness). Enabling resources (i.e., facilitators) that could be leveraged or promoted by interventions included self-efficacy, substance use treatment, and high-quality patient-provider relationships. Competing needs that require specific intervention strategies or adaptations included markers of poor physical health, mental health comorbidities (e.g., depression), and engagement in transactional sex.
conclusionsHIV treatment adherence research carries important lessons for efforts to optimize PrEP adherence among PWID. Despite limitations, this systematic review suggests that strategies are needed to engage highly vulnerable and marginalized sub-groups of this underserved population (e.g., younger PWID, women who inject drugs) in PrEP adherence-related research and programming.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.