ReviewToxins2019
Central Effects of Botulinum Neurotoxin-Evidence from Human Studies.
Review in Toxins, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 84 citations in OpenAlex.
- From Neurophysiological Mechanisms to Rehabilitation After Botulinum Toxin Type A in Post-Stroke Spasticity.Toxins · 2026Pooled it
- Botulinum Toxin Efficacy in Upper Limb Tremor: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Botulinum neurotoxin injections for muscle-based (dystonia and spasticity) and non-muscle-based (neuropathic pain) pain disorders: a meta-analytic study.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2020Pooled it
- One Molecule, Different Circuits? What Botulinum Toxin Can and Cannot Reveal About Craniocervical Comorbidity.Toxins · 2026Review
- Comment on "Enhancing Patient Comfort in Aesthetic BoNT-A Injections: Mechanical Versus Topical Analgesia".Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2026Article
- Efficacy of IncobotulinumtoxinA (BoNT-A) Injections in Upper Limb Task-Specific and Position-Dependent Tremors.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2026Article
- Prospective Study of Botulinum Toxin Effects on Nonmotor Symptoms and Quality of Life in Thai Patients With Craniocervical Dystonia.Journal of clinical neurology (Seoul, Korea) · 2026Article
- Article
- Research progress in the use of botulinum toxin type a for post-stroke spasticity rehabilitation: a narrative review.Annals of medicine · 2025Review
- Effect of Botulinum Toxin on Sensori-Motor Integration in Movement Disorders: A Scoping Review.Toxins · 2025Article
- Article
- Structure-function association of the cerebellar motor network is altered in isolated cervical dystonia.Journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Botulinum toxin modulates the blink reflex via the trigeminal afferent system in hemifacial spasm: an early and late-term effect.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Article
- Efficacy of botulinum toxin and surgery in managing acute acquired comitant esotropia.Eye and vision (London, England) · 2025Article
- Botulinum Toxin: A Comprehensive Review of Its Molecular Architecture and Mechanistic Action.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Memory-Guided Saccades and Non-Motor Symptoms Improve after Botulinum Toxin Therapy in Cervical Dystonia.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Effects of glabellar botulinum toxin injections on resting-state functional connectivity in borderline personality disorder.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2024Article
- Musician's dystonia: a perspective on the strongest evidence towards new prevention and mitigation treatments.Frontiers in network physiology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
For more than three decades, Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) has been used to treat a variety of clinical conditions such as spastic or dystonic disorders by inducing a temporary paralysis of the injected muscle as the desired clinical effect. BoNT is known to primarily act at the neuromuscular junction resulting in a biochemical denervation of the treated muscle. However, recent evidence suggests that BoNT's pharmacological properties may not only be limited to local muscular denervation at the injection site but may also include additional central effects. In this review, we report and discuss the current evidence for BoNT's central effects based on clinical observations, neurophysiological investigations and neuroimaging studies in humans. Collectively, these data strongly point to indirect mechanisms via changes to sensory afferents that may be primarily responsible for the marked plastic effects of BoNT on the central nervous system. Importantly, BoNT-related central effects and consecutive modulation and/or reorganization of the brain may not solely be considered "side-effects" but rather an additional therapeutic impact responsible for a number of clinical observations that cannot be explained by merely peripheral actions.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.