Observational studyDiabetes care2019
Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism.
Observational study in Diabetes care, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07171684 (Single vs Multi-Dose Insulin for Glycemic Control), which is not on this map. Cited by 190 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Single vs Multi-Dose Insulin for Glycemic Control (SUGAR): A Randomized Noninferiority Trial
Who cites it
190 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 292 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prognostic Impact of Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A (PAPP-A) for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM): An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of More Than 90 000 Pregnancies.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2025Pooled it
- Investigating the Role of Skin Autofluorescence in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Lifestyle intervention during pregnancy in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus and the risk of neonatal hypoglycemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- A core outcome set for studies of gestational diabetes mellitus prevention and treatment.Diabetologia · 2020Pooled it
- Maternal high-protein/low-glycemic-index diet during pregnancy impairs offspring lipid profile-a randomized controlled trial.European journal of nutrition · 2026Trial
- Associations between maternal and offspring glucose metabolism: a 9-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Trial
- A Pragmatic, Randomized Clinical Trial of Gestational Diabetes Screening.The New England journal of medicine · 2021Trial
- Trial
- Maternal dysglycaemia, changes in the infant's epigenome modified with a diet and physical activity intervention in pregnancy: Secondary analysis of a randomised control trial.PLoS medicine · 2020Trial
- Plasma Glycated CD59 Predicts Early Gestational Diabetes and Large for Gestational Age Newborns.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2020Trial
- Trial
- Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Subtypes and Maternal Cardiometabolic Outcomes 10-14 Years After Delivery.Diabetes care · 2026Article
- Glycated CD59: a novel biomarker for gestational diabetes.Endocrine reviews · 2026Review
- Hypertension at 5 months postpartum in women with gestational diabetes.Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · 2026Observational
- Type 2 diabetes prevention across the life course.Nature medicine · 2026Review
- Impact of Telemedicine-Enhanced Integrated Management of Gestational Diabetes on Pregnancy Outcomes and Glycemic Control: Real-World Study Using TangMama App.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Article
- Sex-specific effects of maternal gestational diabetes mellitus on offspring neurodevelopment: persistent hippocampal neurogenesis deficits in female but not male offspring.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Ethnic differences in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus: a multiethnic cohort study.Endocrine · 2026Observational
- A high-fat, high-sugar diet impairs maternal metabolism throughout pregnancy and lactation in mice.The Journal of physiology · 2026Article
130 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
18 authors at 9 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThis study examined associations of maternal glycemia during pregnancy with childhood glucose outcomes in the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) cohort. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsHAPO was an observational international investigation that established associations of maternal glucose with adverse perinatal outcomes. The HAPO Follow-up Study included 4,832 children ages 10-14 years whose mothers had a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at ∼28 weeks of gestation. Of these, 4,160 children were evaluated for glucose outcomes. Primary outcomes were child impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG). Additional outcomes were glucose-related measures using plasma glucose (PG), A1C, and C-peptide from the child OGTT.
resultsMaternal fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was positively associated with child FPG and A1C; maternal 1-h and 2-h PG were positively associated with child fasting, 30 min, 1-h, and 2-h PG, and A1C. Maternal FPG, 1-h, and 2-h PG were inversely associated with insulin sensitivity, whereas 1-h and 2-h PG were inversely associated with disposition index. Maternal FPG, but not 1-h or 2-h PG, was associated with child IFG, and maternal 1-h and 2-h PG, but not FPG, were associated with child IGT. All associations were independent of maternal and child BMI. Across increasing categories of maternal glucose, frequencies of child IFG and IGT, and timed PG measures and A1C were higher, whereas insulin sensitivity and disposition index decreased.
conclusionsAcross the maternal glucose spectrum, exposure to higher levels in utero is significantly associated with childhood glucose and insulin resistance independent of maternal and childhood BMI and family history of diabetes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.