ArticleBMC cancer2019
Differences in tumor microenvironments between primary lung tumors and brain metastases in lung cancer patients: therapeutic implications for immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Article in BMC cancer, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers.
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Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 95 citations in OpenAlex.
- Anti-PD-1 plus anti-CTLA-4 blockade overcomes immune exclusion in NSCLC brain metastases by enhancing CD8Nature communications · 2026Article
- Future directions in the treatment of brain metastases: evaluating the role of cellular players in the tumour microenvironment.Acta neuropathologica · 2026Review
- Impact of baseline brain metastases on survival and CNS progression in NSCLC patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors in real-world studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Translational lung cancer research · 2026Article
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- Host's immune response to primary tumours and concomitant brain metastases in the central nervous system.Contemporary oncology (Poznan, Poland) · 2026Article
- Prognostic value of the systemic immune-inflammation index in recurrent/metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: a retrospective cohort study.Gland surgery · 2025Article
- Research progress of anti-angiogenic therapy combined with immunotherapy and radiotherapy for the treatment of brain metastases in non-small cell lung cancer (Review).Oncology letters · 2025Review
- Altered CD4 T cell response in oligometatastic non-small cell lung cancer brain metastasis.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2025Article
- A Boolean network model of hypoxia, mechanosensing and TGF-β signaling captures the role of phenotypic plasticity and mutations in tumor metastasis.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Prediction of intracranial response to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors therapy in brain metastases originating from non-small cell lung cancer using habitat imaging and peritumoral radiomics: a multicenter study.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- Observational
- Immunotherapy With Radiotherapy for Brain Metastases in Patients With NSCLC: NEJ060.JTO clinical and research reports · 2024Article
- Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of tumor immune microenvironment between primary tumor and brain metastases in NSCLC.BMC cancer · 2024Article
- CDK4/6 Inhibition Sensitizes Intracranial Tumors to PD-1 Blockade in Preclinical Models of Brain Metastasis.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2024Article
- Exploration of a novel prognostic model based on nomogram in non-small cell lung cancer patients with distant organ metastasis: implications for immunotherapy.Translational lung cancer research · 2023Article
- Review
- Central nervous systemic efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors and concordance between intra/extracranial response in non-small cell lung cancer patients with brain metastasis.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2023Article
- Radiomics for the non-invasive prediction of PD-L1 expression in patients with brain metastases secondary to non-small cell lung cancer.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2023Article
- Organ-specific heterogeneity in tumor-infiltrating immune cells and cancer antigen expression in primary and autologous metastatic lung adenocarcinoma.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2023Article
- Gene-edited and -engineered stem cell platform drives immunotherapy for brain metastatic melanomas.Science translational medicine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWe aimed to compare intra- and extracranial responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in lung cancer with brain metastases (BM), and to explore tumor microenvironments of the brain and lungs focusing on the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) pathway.
methodsTwo cohorts of lung cancer patients with BM were analyzed. Cohort 1 included 18 patients treated with nivolumab or pembrolizumab, and intra- and extracranial responses were assessed. Cohort 2 comprised 20 patients who underwent both primary lung surgery and brain metastasectomy. Specimens from cohort 2 were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis for the following markers: CD3, CD4, CD8, FOXP3, and PD-1 on tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and PD-L1 on tumor cells.
resultsSeven patients (38.9%) in cohort 1 showed progressive disease in both primary and intracranial lesions. Although the other 11 patients exhibited a partial response or stable disease in the primary lesion, eight showed a progression in BM. Interestingly, PD-1
conclusionsThere may be discordant responses to an ICI of lung cancer between primary lung lesion and BM based on discrepancies in the tumor microenvironment. The diminished infiltration of PD-1
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