Trial reportPsychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors2019
Evaluating the temporal relationships between withdrawal symptoms and smoking relapse.
Trial report in Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 74 citations in OpenAlex.
- Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Systematic review of smoking relapse rates among cancer survivors who quit at the time of cancer diagnosis.Cancer epidemiology · 2022Pooled it
- Deprivation Has Inconsistent Effects on Delay Discounting: A Review.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2022Pooled it
- Smoking cessation for improving mental health.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2021Pooled it
- A multi-site study examining the tobacco withdrawal trajectory in people with tobacco and cannabis co-use.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Trial
- Vaping to quit smoking: Qualitative study of people receiving opioid agonist treatment.Drug and alcohol review · 2025Trial
- Acute effects of outdoor and indoor walking on cigarette cravings, withdrawal symptoms and affective response during temporary smoking abstinence.Psychopharmacology · 2024Trial
- Interpretation bias modification for hostility to facilitate smoking cessation in a sample with elevated trait anger: A randomized trial.Behaviour research and therapy · 2024Trial
- Acceptance and Commitment Therapy-Based Smartphone Applications for Cessation of Tobacco Use among Adults with High Nicotine Dependence: Results from the iCanQuit Randomized Trial.Substance use & misuse · 2023Trial
- Characterizing nicotine withdrawal in smokers experiencing homelessness.Journal of substance abuse treatment · 2022Trial
- An Open-Label, Randomized, Controlled, Crossover Study to Assess Nicotine Pharmacokinetics and Subjective Effects of the JUUL System with Three Nicotine Concentrations Relative to Combustible Cigarettes in Adult Smokers.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2021Trial
- Trial
- Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes Disrupt the Feedback Loop of Affective States and Smoking Behavior.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2020Trial
- Exploring the nature and relationship of tobacco cigarette craving and withdrawal.Journal of psychopathology and clinical science · 2026Article
- Preoperative smoking cessation: Is it a trigger for long-term abstinence?Journal of perioperative practice · 2026Article
- Tobacco withdrawal system recovery time assessed during smoking satiety predicts smoking behavior change among individuals who smoke cigarettes daily.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2026Article
- Article
- The relationship between nicotine craving and state anxiety in daily and non-daily nicotine users.Addictive behaviors · 2026Article
- Smoking relapse and withdrawal symptoms among smokers accessing smoking cessation services provided by the primary care settings of Qatar.Journal of public health research · 2025Article
- Adolescent nicotine exposure affects later-life nicotine reward and withdrawal in mice.Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Smokers attempting to quit often attribute smoking relapse to negative affect, craving, and other nicotine withdrawal symptoms. In addition, there is evidence that smoking relapse can increase these symptoms, particularly negative affect. To address this issue, we analyzed data from an 11-week smoking cessation clinical trial in which smokers (n = 1,246) were randomized to receive either nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), varenicline, or placebo, combined with behavioral counseling. Using cross-lagged analyses, we examined the temporal bidirectional relationships between self-reported measures of affect, craving, and composite withdrawal symptoms and biochemically verified smoking abstinence. The relative strength of these temporal relationships was examined by comparing the explained variances of the models. The results showed that higher negative affect, craving, and composite withdrawal symptoms increased the likelihood of subsequent smoking relapse, and that smoking relapse led to subsequent increases in these same symptoms. A comparison of the explained variances found symptom predicting subsequent relapse models to be stronger than those where relapse predicted subsequent symptoms. Although the explained variance findings generally support a negative reinforcement conceptualization of nicotine dependence, the bidirectional relationship between symptoms and smoking relapse suggests that struggling with quitting smoking leads to significant negative affect, craving, and other withdrawal symptoms that do not quickly resolve. These findings highlight the importance of addressing specific symptoms within the context of smoking cessation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.