ArticleEye (London, England)2019
Interruption of autoimmunity for thyroid eye disease: B-cell and T-cell strategy.
Article in Eye (London, England), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- A bispecific-aptamer TSHR-CD80-1 treats thyroid eye disease by inhibiting CD8Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- Cytokines and drugs targeting cytokines in Graves' disease and thyroid eye disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Emerging therapeutic approaches in graves' ophthalmopathy: an update on pharmacological interventions.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Role of Lysyl Oxidase-Like Protein 3 in the Pathogenesis of Graves' Orbitopathy in Orbital Fibroblasts.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- Methotrexate is associated with decreased total thyroxine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.Inflammopharmacology · 2023Article
- Systemic diseases and the cornea.Experimental eye research · 2021Review
- Review
- Steroid-Resistant Graves' Orbitopathy Treated with Tocilizumab in Real-World Clinical Practice: A 9-Year Single-Center Experience.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
- Mechanisms That Underly T Cell Immunity in Graves' Orbitopathy.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021Review
- Visual morbidity in thyroid eye disease in Asian Indian patients.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2020Article
- Medical management of thyroid eye disease - A paradigm shift.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2020Article
- Teprotumumab versus intravenous methylprednisolone in thyroid eye disease: A systematic review.Oman journal of ophthalmologyReview
- Monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of Graves' ophthalmopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Saudi journal of ophthalmology : official journal of the Saudi Ophthalmological SocietyArticle
- Thinking inside the box: Current insights into targeting orbital tissue remodeling and inflammation in thyroid eye disease.Survey of ophthalmologyReview
- Updates on the understanding and management of thyroid eye disease.Therapeutic advances in ophthalmologyReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Recent new insights into the molecular basis of thyroid eye disease have led to the use of more specific therapies such as monoclonal antibodies This review explores the traditional immunosuppressant therapy for TED, highlighting the basis for emergent recent medications, possible treatment options and, eventually possible new general recommendation for management of TED. Data has been retrieved from the literature searching on Pubmed. Steroid therapy remains the first line therapy for moderate/severe and severe vision threatening TED The use of some traditional nonspecific immunosuppressant such as mycophenolate, cyclosporine and azathioprine seems useful in combination with steroid therapy to achieve stable results in the long term; methotrexate is useful as steroid-sparing medications and in steroid resistant or intolerant patients. In recent years, many scientific reports have showed the effectiveness of biological immunosuppressive agents in the management of TED. Etanercept, adalimumab, and tocilizumab have shown to be effective in reduction of the inflammatory signs with the possible advantage to prevent relapse of the disease. Particularly Tociliuzumab seems very effective as second line therapy, after steroid failure. Teprotumumab may control the disease activity and it seems to be very effective in preventing severity disease progression. Infliximab might be useful in severe TED with optic nerve compression resistant to steroid and decompression. Indeed, the actual incidence of adverse effects is not well assessed yet, therefore the use should be limited at those cases that really need an alternative therapy to steroid, handled by an expert multidisciplinary team.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.