ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2019
Gorillas have been infected with the HERV-K (HML-2) endogenous retrovirus much more recently than humans and chimpanzees.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Endogenous Retroviruses in Host-Virus Coevolution: From Genomic Domestication to Functional Innovation.Genes · 2025Review
- The prefusion structure of the HERV-K (HML-2) Env spike complex.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Compilation of all known HERV-K HML-2 proviral integrations.Mobile DNA · 2025Article
- Crossing Wallace's line: an evolutionarily young gibbon ape leukemia virus like endogenous retrovirus identified from the Philippine flying lemur (Cynocephalus volans).Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Mutation Rate Variation and Other Challenges in 2-LTR Dating of Primate Endogenous Retrovirus Integrations.Journal of molecular evolution · 2025Review
- Limitations of current high-throughput sequencing technologies lead to biased expression estimates of endogenous retroviral elements.NAR genomics and bioinformatics · 2024Article
- Review
- Article
- Comprehensive characterization of ERV-K (HML-8) in the chimpanzee genome revealed less genomic activity than humans.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- Human Endogenous Retrovirus-K (HML-2)-Related Genetic Variation: Human Genome Diversity and Disease.Genes · 2023Review
- Expression signature of human endogenous retroviruses in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Exploring HERV-K (HML-2) Influence in Cancer and Prospects for Therapeutic Interventions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Genome mining shows that retroviruses are pervasively invading vertebrate genomes.Nature communications · 2023Article
- The discovery of multiple active mys-related LTR-retroelements within the Neotominae subfamily of cricetid rodents.Genetica · 2023Article
- The Immunological Conundrum of Endogenous Retroelements.Annual review of immunology · 2023Review
- Spatiotemporal variations in retrovirus-host interactions among Darwin's finches.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Identification and molecular characterization of simian endogenous retrovirus inVeterinary world · 2022Article
- Article
- Review
- Contemporary Distribution, Estimated Age, and Prehistoric Migrations of Old World Monkey Retroviruses.Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Human endogenous retrovirus-K (HERV-K) human mouse mammary tumor virus-like 2 (HML-2) is the most recently active endogenous retrovirus group in humans, and the only group with human-specific proviruses. HML-2 expression is associated with cancer and other diseases, but extensive searches have failed to reveal any replication-competent proviruses in humans. However, HML-2 proviruses are found throughout the catarrhine primates, and it is possible that they continue to infect some species today. To investigate this possibility, we searched for gorilla-specific HML-2 elements using both in silico data mining and targeted deep-sequencing approaches. We identified 150 gorilla-specific integrations, including 31 2-LTR proviruses. Many of these proviruses have identical LTRs, and are insertionally polymorphic, consistent with very recent integration. One identified provirus has full-length ORFs for all genes, and thus could potentially be replication-competent. We suggest that gorillas may still harbor infectious HML-2 virus and could serve as a model for understanding retrovirus evolution and pathogenesis in humans.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.