ArticleApplied and environmental microbiology2019
Effects of Absolute Humidity, Relative Humidity, Temperature, and Wind Speed on Influenza Activity in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Article in Applied and environmental microbiology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 66 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 134 citations in OpenAlex.
- Associations between sunshine and influenza or influenza-like illness, a systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of biometeorology · 2026Pooled it
- Spatial distribution and driving factors of the associations between temperature and influenza-like illness in the United States: a time-stratified case-crossover study.BMC public health · 2023Pooled it
- Effects of ambient temperature on influenza-like illness: A multicity analysis in Shandong Province, China, 2014-2017.Frontiers in public health · 2022Pooled it
- Associations of Ambient Air Pollutants and Meteorological Factors With COVID-19 Transmission in 31 Chinese Provinces: A Time Series Study.Inquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financingPooled it
- Epidemiological and virological characteristics of influenza in Zhejiang Province, China: A 15-year surveillance study.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Patterns in the dynamics of respiratory viruses after the COVID-19 pandemic: an observational, retrospective study using sentinel surveillance network data, Catalonia, 2022 to 2025.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2026Observational
- Influenza-Like Illness Forecasting Using Multisource Data: Comparative Deep Learning Study.JMIR medical informatics · 2026Article
- Spatial-temporal epidemiological characteristics of influenza and its correlation with meteorological factors in Gansu province based on 24 solar terms.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Evaluating transient risk factors for avian influenza outbreaks in Canada using case-crossover study and machine learning.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Unified climate factors predict influenza outbreak seasonality across tropical and temperate regions.PNAS nexus · 2026Article
- Absolute humidity drives seasonal influenza A transmission in Hong Kong through social contact modulation: Evidence from compartmental modeling.Infectious Disease Modelling · 2026Article
- School district-wide renovations, indoor environmental quality, and illness absence.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Individual and Environmental Factors Influencing Influenza Transmission: A Multilevel Analysis.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2026Article
- Humidity impacts volatile anesthetic and heat responses of malignant hyperthermia susceptible mice.Skeletal muscle · 2026Article
- Unraveling meteorologically influenced recurrence and sequential infection risks among influenza, mumps, scarlet fever, and hand-foot-and-mouth disease: evidence from Shenzhen, China.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Fusing meteorological factors and baidu search index with an adapted deformtime model to predict influenza-like illness in Beijing.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Integrating Surveillance and Stakeholder Insights to Predict Influenza Epidemics: A Bayesian Network Study in Queensland, Australia.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Spatio-temporal patterns and associated factors of influenza-like illness outbreaks in Chinese mainland: a Bayesian modeling study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Links between influenza epidemics, weather characteristics and all-cause mortality in the Czech Republic, 1982-2020.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Extreme temperatures, recent warming and seasonal influenza-linking human exposures to respiratory health in southern Germany.International archives of occupational and environmental health · 2025Article
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The occurrence of influenza in different climates has been shown to be associated with multiple meteorological factors. The incidence of influenza has been reported to increase during rainy seasons in tropical climates and during the dry, cold months of winter in temperate climates. This study was designed to explore the role of absolute humidity (AH), relative humidity (RH), temperature, and wind speed (WS) on influenza activity in the Toronto, ON, Canada, area. Environmental data obtained from four meteorological stations in the Toronto area over the period from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2015 were linked to patient influenza data obtained for the same locality and period. Data were analyzed using correlation, negative binomial regressions with linear predictors, and splines to capture the nonlinear relationship between exposure and outcomes. Our study found a negative association of both AH and temperature with influenza A and B virus infections. The effect of RH on influenza A and B viruses was controversial. Temperature fluctuation was associated with increased numbers of influenza B virus infections. Influenza virus was less likely to be detected from community patients than from patients tested as part of an institutional outbreak investigation. This could be more indicative of nosocomial transmission rather than climactic factors. The nonlinear nature of the relationship of influenza A virus with temperature and of influenza B virus with AH, RH, and temperature could explain the complexity and variation between influenza A and B virus infections. Predicting influenza activity is important for the timing of implementation of disease prevention and control measures as well as for resource allocation.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.