Trial reportJapanese journal of ophthalmology2019
Tear film change and ocular symptoms after reading printed book and electronic book: a crossover study.
Trial report in Japanese journal of ophthalmology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Comparison of the influence of light between circularly polarized and linearly polarized smartphones on dry eye symptoms and asthenopia.Clinical and translational science · 2022Trial
- A Review of Digital Eye Strain: Binocular Vision Anomalies, Ocular Surface Changes, and the Need for Objective Assessment.Journal of eye movement research · 2025Review
- Tear Film Dynamics in Visual Display Terminal Users: A Review of Impact on Goblet Cells, Lacrimal and Meibomian Gland Function.Seminars in ophthalmology · 2025Review
- Review on the possible pathophysiological mechanisms underlying visual display terminal-associated dry eye disease.Acta ophthalmologica · 2022Review
- Does Orthokeratology Wearing Affect the Tear Quality of Children?Frontiers in pediatrics · 2021Review
- The Relationship Between Dry Eye Disease and Digital Screen Use.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2021Review
- Contribution of Total Screen/Online-Course Time to Asthenopia in Children During COVID-19 PandemicFrontiers in public health · 2021Article
- Relationships Between Short-Term Exposure to an Indoor Environment and Dry Eye (DE) Symptoms.Journal of clinical medicine · 2020Article
- Effect of Computer Tasks in Straight Gaze on Corneal Topographic Indices.Journal of ophthalmic & vision researchArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo evaluate and compare tear film changes and ocular symptoms after reading an electronic book (e-book) and a printed book. STUDY
designClinical and experimental.
methodsCrossover study was conducted in 30 healthy volunteers, some of whom read an e-book and others a printed book for 20 minutes and then switched the following week. Tear meniscus height (TMH), non-invasive break-up time (NIBUT), fluorescein break up time (FBUT), corneal and conjunctival staining score, and questionnaires about seven ocular symptoms were evaluated before and after reading by both reading methods.
resultsAfter reading an e-book, FBUT and NIBUT were significantly decreased (p<0.001for both). Similar to printed book readers (p=0.006, p=0.04, respectively). TMH and corneal and conjunctival staining score showed no significant differences in either group. Comparing the two groups, the e-book group showed more decrease in TMH, FBUT, and NIBUT (p>0.05). Ocular symptoms were significantly increased in both groups. The e-book group showed more increase in all symptoms, but only tearing (p=0.03) and burning sensation (p=0.02) were significantly different.
conclusionsReading an e-book affected tear film instability and significantly increased burning sensation and tearing to a larger extend than reading a printed book.
Indexed as
Identifiers
30604111What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.