ReviewExperimental brain research2019
The neural basis of the senses of effort, force and heaviness.
Review in Experimental brain research, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed.
- Cellular and molecular mechanisms of muscle spindle development and function.Physiology (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Review
- Effects of Tabata training combined with iron supplementation on proprioceptive acuity in young women with iron deficiency anemia: a randomized controlled trial.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Reliability of Joint Position Sense and Force Sense Measurements in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2026Article
- A hierarchical integration model of effort perception: peripheral, central, cognitive, temporal, and applied mechanisms revealed through blood flow restriction.Frontiers in neuroergonomics · 2026Review
- Article
- Feasibility of the heaviness perception test as an assessment of interoception.BioPsychoSocial medicine · 2025Article
- Effects of reduced voluntary effort on muscle mechanical properties during loaded medicine ball throws.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Self-Motion Misperception Induced by Neck Muscle Fatigue.Audiology research · 2025Article
- Slow dynamics of human balance control.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Contributions of the thumb and index finger to tip pinch force sense.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Neck muscle fatigue disrupts self-motion perception.Experimental brain research · 2025Article
- Force drifts and matching errors in the lower extremities: implications for the control and perception of foot force.Experimental brain research · 2024Article
- Force matching: motor effects that are not reported by the actor.Experimental brain research · 2024Article
- Reduced shoulder proprioception due to fatigue after repeated handball throws and evaluation of test-retest reliability of a clinical shoulder joint position test.Shoulder & elbow · 2024Article
- Pinch force sense test-retest reliability evaluation using contralateral force matching task.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Relationship between intended force and actual force: comparison between athletes and non-athletes.PeerJ · 2024Article
- Joint position and force senses in young female tennis players and untrained adolescents.PloS one · 2024Article
- Individuals with hemiparetic stroke abnormally perceive their elbow torques when abducting their paretic shoulder.Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2023Article
- Integration of proprioception in upper limb prostheses through non-invasive strategies: a review.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2023Review
- Recovery of pinch force sense after short-term fatigue.Scientific reports · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Effort, force and heaviness are related terms, having in common that they are all sensations associated with the generation of voluntary muscle contractions. Traditionally they have been thought to originate in the brain, as a result of copies of motor commands relayed to sensory areas. A stumbling block for the central hypothesis has been the lack of proportionality between the fall in muscle force from fatigue or paralysis and the increase in sensation generated while trying to achieve the required force. In recent times growing evidence has accumulated supporting a role for peripheral sensory receptors, in particular the muscle spindles, as contributing to these sensations. The review discusses the evidence for participation of sensory receptors and what this means for proprioception. In particular, it is not straightforward to envisage how muscle spindles might provide a reliable force signal in a contracting muscle, with or without support from the fusimotor system. An important additional consideration is the method of measurement. It has emerged that there is evidence of a task-dependency in the composition of the afferent signals contributing to the sense of force. The evidence suggests that the signal used in a two-arm force matching task is not the same as in a one-arm task. It will be important, in the future, to try and obtain more direct evidence about the afferent origins of the senses of effort, force and heaviness, how they might change from one task to another and what implications this has for motor control.
Indexed as
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30604022What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.