ArticleThe American journal of drug and alcohol abuse2019
Testing hair for fentanyl exposure: a method to inform harm reduction behavior among individuals who use heroin.
Article in The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Naloxone Acceptance among Nightclub Attendees in New York City.Journal of community health · 2025Article
- Detection of fentanyl, synthetic opioids, and ketamine in hair specimens from purposive samples of American and Italian populations.Journal of forensic sciences · 2023Article
- Molecular Insights and Clinical Outcomes of Drugs of Abuse Adulteration: New Trends and New Psychoactive Substances.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Characteristics and correlates of fentanyl preferences among people with opioid use disorder.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2022Article
- Preclinical Efficacy and Selectivity of Vaccines Targeting Fentanyl, Alfentanil, Sufentanil, and Acetylfentanyl in Rats.ACS omega · 2022Article
- Increasing preference for fentanyl among a cohort of people who use opioids in Vancouver, Canada, 2017-2018.Substance abuse · 2022Article
- A Systematic Review of Metabolite-to-Drug Ratios of Pharmaceuticals in Hair for Forensic Investigations.Metabolites · 2021Review
- The discounting of death: Probability discounting of heroin use by fatal overdose likelihood and drug purity.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2021Article
- Toxicosurveillance of novel opioids: just screening tests may not be enough.The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse · 2021Article
- Underreporting of drug use among electronic dance music party attendees.Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2021Article
- Targeted and untargeted detection of fentanyl analogues and their metabolites in hair by means of UHPLC-QTOF-HRMS.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2021Article
- Drug checking to detect fentanyl and new psychoactive substances.Current opinion in psychiatry · 2020Review
- Toward the Interpretation of Positive Testing for Fentanyl and Its Analogs in Real Hair Samples: Preliminary Considerations.Journal of analytical toxicology · 2020Article
- Understanding the increase in opioid overdoses in New Hampshire: A rapid epidemiologic assessment.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2020Article
- Addressing overdose risk among unstably housed women in San Francisco, California: an examination of potential fentanyl contamination of multiple substances.Harm reduction journal · 2020Article
- Application of the fentanyl analog screening kit toward the identification of emerging synthetic opioids in human plasma and urine by LC-QTOF.Toxicology letters · 2020Article
- Should NPS be included in workplace drug testing?Drug testing and analysis · 2020Article
- Fentanyl Preference among People Who Inject Drugs in West Virginia.Substance use & misuse · 2020Article
- The rising crisis of illicit fentanyl use, overdose, and potential therapeutic strategies.Translational psychiatry · 2019Review
- Fentanyl exposure and preferences among individuals starting treatment for opioid use disorder.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDeaths from fentanyl exposure continue to increase in the US. Fentanyl test strips are now available to test urine for presence of fentanyl, but additional testing methods are needed to determine past exposure and to determine exposure to specific analogs.
objectivesTo investigate exposure to such analogs through hair testing.
methodsForty individuals in inpatient detoxification (7.5% female) reporting past-month heroin use were surveyed and provided a hair sample to be tested at a later date. While results could not be provided to patients, they were asked how they would respond if informed that their hair tested positive for fentanyl. UHPLC-MS/MS was used to test for past exposure to fentanyl, six other novel synthetic opioids, and fentanyl biomarkers/metabolites.
results27.5% reported known fentanyl use in the past year and 67.5% reported suspected exposure. 97.5% (39 of 40) tested positive for fentanyl, 90.0% tested positive for 4-ANPP (a biomarker) and norfentanyl (a metabolite); 82.5% tested positive for acetyl-fentanyl, 47.5% tested positive for furanyl-fentanyl, and 7.5% tested positive for U-47700. Most participants (82.5%) reported they would warn others about fentanyl if they learned their hair tested positive; 75.0% reported they would try to stop using heroin, and 65.0% reported they would ensure that someone nearby has naloxone to reverse a potential overdose.
conclusionsHair testing is useful in detecting past exposure to fentanyl, its analogs, and other novel synthetic opioids. Further research is needed to determine whether individuals who use heroin learning about exposure affects drug-taking and treatment-seeking behavior.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.