ArticleThe journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases2018
Next-generation sequencing analysis reveals high bacterial diversity in wild venomous and non-venomous snakes from India.
Article in The journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- The role of antimicrobial prophylaxis in the management of snakebite: a systematic review.Wellcome open research · 2025Pooled it
- Bacterial diversity in certain captive snake species in Bulgaria: A One Health challenge - pilot study.Open veterinary journal · 2026Article
- Review
- A review of the venom microbiome and its utility in ecology and evolution including future directions for emerging research.Symbiosis (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2025Article
- Characterization and comparison of the fecal bacterial microbiota in Red Back Pine Root Snake (Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Comparative Analyses ofEcology and evolution · 2024Article
- The Presence of Four Pathogenic Oral Bacterial Species in Six Wild Snake Species from Southern Taiwan: Associated Factors.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Gut bacterial communities in roadkill animals: A pioneering study of two species in the Amazon region in Ecuador.PloS one · 2024Article
- Article
- Bacterial community analysis identifies Klebsiella pneumoniae as a native symbiotic bacterium in the newborn Protobothrops mucrosquamatus.BMC microbiology · 2023Article
- Fecal and oral microbiome analysis of snakes from China reveals a novel natural emerging disease reservoir.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Oral Bacteria and Their Antibiotic Susceptibilities in Taiwanese Venomous Snakes.Microorganisms · 2022Article
- Uncovering the genomic and metagenomic research potential in old ethanol-preserved snakes.PloS one · 2021Article
- Venomous Snakes Reveal Ecological and Phylogenetic Factors Influencing Variation in Gut and Oral Microbiomes.Frontiers in microbiology · 2021Article
- Antibiotic therapy for snakebite envenoming.The journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe oral cavities of snakes are replete with various types of bacterial flora. Culture-dependent studies suggest that some of the bacterial species are responsible for secondary bacterial infection associated with snakebite. A complete profile of the ophidian oral bacterial community has been unreported until now. Therefore, in the present study, we determined the complete bacterial compositions in the oral cavity of some snakes from India.
methodsTotal DNA was isolated from oral swabs collected from three wild snake species (Indian Cobra, King Cobra and Indian Python). Next, the DNA was subjected to PCR amplification of microbial 16S rRNA gene using V3-region-specific primers. The amplicons were used for preparation of DNA libraries that were sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq platform.
resultsThe cluster-based taxonomy analysis revealed that Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were the most predominant phyla present in the oral cavities of snakes. This result indicates that snakes show more similarities to birds than mammals as to their oral bacterial communities. Furthermore, our study reports all the unique and common bacterial species (total: 147) found among the oral microbes of snakes studied, while the majority of commonly abundant species were pathogens or opportunistic pathogens to humans. A wide difference in ophidian oral bacterial flora suggests variation by individual, species and geographical region.
conclusionThe present study would provide a foundation for further research on snakes to recognize the potential drugs/antibiotics for the different infectious diseases.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.