ArticleAddiction (Abingdon, England)2019
Increasing potency and price of cannabis in Europe, 2006-16.
Article in Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pharmacotherapies for cannabis use disorder.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Cannabidiol for the treatment of cannabis use disorder: a phase 2a, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, adaptive Bayesian trial.The lancet. Psychiatry · 2020Trial
- The acute effects of cannabidiol on the neural correlates of reward anticipation and feedback in healthy volunteers.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2020Trial
- Influence of cannabis potency on mental health outcomes among adolescents and young adults: scoping review.BJPsych open · 2026Review
- International Policy Approaches for Higher THC Cannabis Products: Are They Applicable to the Australian Medicinal Cannabis Framework?Drug and alcohol review · 2026Review
- Beyond cannabis use severity: associations of cannabis product type with sleep quality and mental health.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- An update on cannabis products, cannabinoid content, plant type, and prices five years after legalization in Ontario, Canada.Journal of cannabis research · 2026Article
- Changes in cannabis potency and cannabis-related psychiatric harms: a 23-year ecological study in Denmark.Psychological medicine · 2026Article
- Memory impairment and chronic high-dose Δ9-THC/cannabis exposure: a narrative review of molecular mechanisms underlying neurotoxic effects.Psychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Substance-Specific Treatment Responses and Resistance Patterns in Induced Psychoses: A Scoping Review of Antipsychotic Efficacy.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Cannabis use is associated with changes in psychological and functional well-being during young adulthood: evidence from self-reports and hair analyses.Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Applying machine learning to international drug monitoring: classifying cannabis resin collected in Europe using cannabinoid concentrations.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2025Article
- Self-disturbance in first-episode psychosis: Theoretical framework and potential cannabis interactions - a systematic review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Review
- Clinical Evaluation of the Cannabis-Using Patient: A Moving Target.The Permanente journal · 2024Review
- Incident psychotic experiences following self-reported use of high-potency cannabis: Results from a longitudinal cohort study.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2024Article
- Phytocannabinoids: Pharmacological effects, biomedical applications, and worldwide prospection.Journal of traditional and complementary medicine · 2023Review
- Association between cannabis use disorder and schizophrenia stronger in young males than in females.Psychological medicine · 2023Article
- Prevention of hazardous use of alcohol among high school students: a study protocol for the randomized controlled trial 'Our choice'.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Trends in Illicit Cannabis Potency based on the Analysis of Law Enforcement Seizures in the Southern Area of Rome.Toxics · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
aimsTo quantify changes in (i) potency (concentration of Δ
designRepeated cross-sectional study. SETTING AND
participantsData collected from 28 European Union (EU) member states, Norway and Turkey by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. MEASUREMENTS: Outcome variables were potency, price and value for cannabis resin and herbal cannabis in Europe, 2006-16. Inflation was estimated using the Harmonised Indices of Consumer Prices. Mixed-effects linear regression models were used to estimate linear and quadratic time trends, with a random intercept and slope fitted to account for variation across countries.
findingsResin potency increased from a mean [95% confidence interval (CI)] of 8.14% THC (6.89, 9.49) in 2006 to 17.22 (15.23, 19.25) in 2016. Resin price increased from 8.21 euros/g (7.54, 8.97) to 12.27 (10.62, 14.16). Resin increased in value, from 11.00 mg THC per euro (8.60, 13.62) to 16.39 (13.68, 19.05). Quadratic time trends for resin potency and value indicated minimal change from 2006 to 2011, followed by marked increases from 2011 to 2016. Herbal cannabis potency increased from 5.00% THC (3.91, 6.23) to 10.22 (9.01, 11.47). Herbal price increased from 7.36 euros/g (6.22, 8.53) to 12.22 (10.59, 14.03). The value of herbal cannabis did not change from 12.65 mg of THC per euro (10.18, 15.34) to 12.72 (10.73, 14.73). All price trends persisted after adjusting for inflation.
conclusionsEuropean cannabis resin and herbal cannabis increased in potency and price from 2006 to 2016. Cannabis resin (but not herbal cannabis) increased in the quantity of Δ
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.