Evidence map›Paper›PMID 30595910›Full record

ArticleWater2018

Challenges to Sustainable Safe Drinking Water: A Case Study of Water Quality and Use across Seasons in Rural Communities in Limpopo Province, South Africa.

Joshua N Edokpayi, Elizabeth T Rogawski, David M Kahler, Courtney L Hill, Catherine Reynolds, Emanuel Nyathi, James A Smith, John O Odiyo, Amidou Samie, Pascal Bessong and 1 more

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Water, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
43citing papers in PubMed
7.3field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

43 citing papers in PubMed, 153 citations in OpenAlex.

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  11. Water quality assessment of rooftop harvested rainwater across different roof types in a semi-arid region of South Africa.Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation · 2025
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  18. Identifying predictors ofEnvironmental science : water research & technology · 2024
    Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.

Joshua N Edokpayi *Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; John.Odiyo@univen.ac.za.ORCID 0000-0002-2550-3988
Elizabeth T Rogawski *Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; etr5m@virginia.edu.ORCID 0000-0002-4942-3747
David M Kahler *Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; kahlerd@duq.edu (D.M.K.); clh023@gmail.com (C.L.H.); cfr4ms@virginia.edu (C.R.); jas9e@virginia.edu (J.A.S.).ORCID 0000-0002-8941-6402
Courtney L Hill *Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; kahlerd@duq.edu (D.M.K.); clh023@gmail.com (C.L.H.); cfr4ms@virginia.edu (C.R.); jas9e@virginia.edu (J.A.S.).
Catherine ReynoldsDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; kahlerd@duq.edu (D.M.K.); clh023@gmail.com (C.L.H.); cfr4ms@virginia.edu (C.R.); jas9e@virginia.edu (J.A.S.).
Emanuel NyathiDepartment of Animal Science, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; emanuel.nyathi@univen.ac.za.
James A SmithDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; kahlerd@duq.edu (D.M.K.); clh023@gmail.com (C.L.H.); cfr4ms@virginia.edu (C.R.); jas9e@virginia.edu (J.A.S.).ORCID 0000-0002-0338-0868
John O OdiyoDepartment of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; John.Odiyo@univen.ac.za.
Amidou SamieDepartment of Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; samie.amidou@univen.ac.za (A.S.); pascal.bessong@univen.ac.za (P.B.).
Pascal BessongDepartment of Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; samie.amidou@univen.ac.za (A.S.); pascal.bessong@univen.ac.za (P.B.).
Rebecca DillinghamDivision of Infectious Diseases & International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; rd8v@hscmail.mcc.virginia.edu.
University of Virginia · USUniversity of Venda · ZADuquesne University · USGeorgia Institute of Technology · US

Funding

The Water and Health in Limpopo Innovations Fellowship ProgramD43TW009359 · FIC · UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA · PI GUERRANT, RICHARD L · 2012 to 2016
$1.7M
FIC NIH HHS D43 TW009359
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Consumption of microbial-contaminated water can result in diarrheal illnesses and enteropathy with the heaviest impact upon children below the age of five. We aimed to provide a comprehensive analysis of water quality in a low-resource setting in Limpopo province, South Africa. Surveys were conducted in 405 households in rural communities of Limpopo province to determine their water-use practices, perceptions of water quality, and household water-treatment methods. Drinking water samples were tested from households for microbiological contamination. Water from potential natural sources were tested for physicochemical and microbiological quality in the dry and wet seasons. Most households had their primary water source piped into their yard or used an intermittent public tap. Approximately one third of caregivers perceived that they could get sick from drinking water. All natural water sources tested positive for fecal contamination at some point during each season. The treated municipal supply never tested positive for fecal contamination; however, the treated system does not reach all residents in the valley; furthermore, frequent shutdowns of the treatment systems and intermittent distribution make the treated water unreliable. The increased water quantity in the wet season correlates with increased treated water from municipal taps and a decrease in the average contaminant levels in household water. This research suggests that wet season increases in water quantity result in more treated water in the region and that is reflected in residents' water-use practices.

Indexed as

drinking water treatmentpublic healthwater qualitywater resourceswater-resources management

Identifiers

PMID30595910
PMCPMC6310213
OpenAlexW2792314534

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.