ArticleTranslational oncology2019
Quadruple Negative Breast Cancers (QNBC) Demonstrate Subtype Consistency among Primary and Recurrent or Metastatic Breast Cancer.
Article in Translational oncology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genomic Alterations in Quadruple-Negative Breast Cancer Tumors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- TNBC Spatial Transcriptomic Analysis across Clinical States Reveals Subtype-Specific Networks and Immunosuppressive Niches.Cancer research communications · 2026Article
- 3D In Vitro Models of Breast Cancer: Current Challenges and Future Prospects Toward Recapitulating the Microenvironment and Mimicking Key Processes.Advanced biology · 2025Review
- Dysregulated miRNA Expression and Androgen Receptor Loss in Racially Distinct Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Review
- The DARC side of genetics in cancer: Breast cancer disparities.American journal of human genetics · 2024Article
- Beyond Triple-Negative: High Prevalence of Quadruple-Negative Breast Cancer in African Americans.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Molecular features of androgen-receptor low, estrogen receptor-negative breast cancers in the Carolina breast cancer study.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2023Article
- Molecular Features of Androgen-Receptor Low, Estrogen Receptor-Negative Breast Cancers in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study.Research square · 2023Article
- MicroRNAs within the Basal-like signature of Quadruple Negative Breast Cancer impact overall survival in African Americans.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Article
- Racial Disparity in Quadruple Negative Breast Cancer: Aggressive Biology and Potential Therapeutic Targeting and Prevention.Cancers · 2022Review
- The functional significance and cross-talk of non-coding RNAs in triple negative and quadruple negative breast cancer.Molecular biology reports · 2022Review
- Translational Implications of Dysregulated Pathways and microRNA Regulation in Quadruple-Negative Breast Cancer.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Breast cancer disparities in outcomes; unmasking biological determinants associated with racial and genetic diversity.Clinical & experimental metastasis · 2022Review
- Immune Lymphocyte Infiltrate and its Prognostic Value in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Review
- Prevalence and Mortality of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in West Africa: Biologic and Sociocultural Factors.JCO global oncology · 2021Article
- Review
- Article
- Quadruple-Negative Breast Cancer: An Uneven Playing Field.JCO global oncology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeDespite the availability of current standards of care treatments for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), many patients still die from this disease. Quadruple negative tumors, which are TNBC tumors that lack androgen receptor (AR), represent a more aggressive subtype of TNBC; however, the molecular features are not well understood.
methodsImmunohistochemistry of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER2, and AR was determined in 244 primary and 630 recurrent/metastatic site biopsies. Expression was correlated with a panel of 25 cancer-related genes and proteins by IHC and in situ hybridization (ISH).
resultsWe observed that 80.2% (65 of 81) of primary TNBC tumors and 75.7% (159 of 210) of recurrent/metastatic TNBC tumors are QNBC. Bivariate fit analysis demonstrated that QNBC (n = 224) significantly (P < .03) correlated with younger aged patients at initial biopsy compared to AR positive TNBC patients (n = 51). In paired primary tissue samples and primary to recurrent/metastatic samples, at least 70% Luminal, HER2 enriched, and QNBC subtype did not change molecular profile. But, TNBC seems to be the "unstable" subtype. Within the total cohort, discordance in molecular profiles was identified in both synchronous (20%) and asynchronous (21%) intra-individual analyses. Irrespective of sample type, (Synchronous or Asynchronous), QNBC demonstrated higher concordant than TNBC. IHC and ISH results of the cancer related genes, demonstrated that gene/protein expression differ by molecular profile: TNBC (HR-/HER2-, AR+) and QNBC (HR-/HER2-, AR-). IHC in metastatic tumors, showed that the percentage of tumors positive of EGFR were higher, while PTEN and TLE3 were lower in QNBC compared to TNBC.
conclusionStandard treatment of Breast Cancer (BC) relies on reliable assessment by IHC analysis of ER, PR, and HER2. Our analyses suggest that the heterogeneity of TNBC is at least partially associated with the presence or absence of AR expression, suggesting that QNBC should be considered as a clinically relevant BC subtype. IHC analysis of AR appears to be a practical assay to determine the most aggressive TNBC subtypes and identifies tumors that could benefit from available targeted therapies.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.