ArticleBMJ open2018
Qualitative study using interviews and focus groups to explore the current and potential for antimicrobial stewardship in community pharmacy informed by the Theoretical Domains Framework.
Article in BMJ open, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- Physicians', pharmacists', and nurses' education of patients about antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance in primary care settings: a qualitative systematic literature review.Frontiers in antibiotics · 2024Pooled it
- Storytelling as a Research Tool Used to Explore Insights and as an Intervention in Public Health: A Systematic Narrative Review.International journal of public health · 2021Pooled it
- Antimicrobial stewardship from a One Health perspective.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Bridging knowledge and practice: Antimicrobial Stewardship by community pharmacists in New Zealand.Antimicrobial stewardship & healthcare epidemiology : ASHE · 2026Article
- "Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Determinants of Public Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice on Antibiotic Use in Saudi Arabia: A Regional Cross-Sectional Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- [Good dispensing practices for antibiotics in community pharmacies of the province of Córdoba (Argentina)].Farmaceuticos comunitarios · 2025Article
- Factors Influencing Community Pharmacists' Participation in Antimicrobial Stewardship: A Qualitative Inquiry.Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Effect of oral health education based on COM-B model on improving the oral health behavior of preschool children.Journal of education and health promotion · 2025Article
- 'Antibiotics are like gold': a qualitative study of patient perspectives on the use of antibiotics without a prescription.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- Factors responsible for student nurses' use of non-sterile gloves: An exploratory qualitative study.Journal of infection prevention · 2024Article
- Pharmacists' perspectives on recommending herbal medicines for acute infections: a qualitative study.BJGP open · 2024Article
- Exploring the pharmacists' role in optimising antithrombotic therapy in primary care: a qualitative study.BMJ open · 2024Article
- Barriers and facilitators for providing self-care advice in community pharmacies: a qualitative study.International journal of clinical pharmacy · 2023Article
- The National Implementation of a Community Pharmacy Antimicrobial Stewardship Intervention (PAMSI) through the English Pharmacy Quality Scheme 2020 to 2022.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The Use of the TARGET Antibiotic Checklist to Support Antimicrobial Stewardship in England's Community Pharmacies.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Community pharmacists as antimicrobial guardians and gatekeepers - A qualitative study of the perspectives of pharmacy sector stakeholders.Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy · 2023Article
- Respiratory infection prevention: perceptions, barriers and facilitators after SARS-CoV-2.Infection, disease & health · 2023Article
- A Novel GPPAS Model: Guiding the Implementation of Antimicrobial Stewardship in Primary Care Utilising Collaboration between General Practitioners and Community Pharmacists.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Mixed-Method Evaluation of a Community Pharmacy Antimicrobial Stewardship Intervention (PAMSI).Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesCommunity pharmacists and their staff have the potential to contribute to antimicrobial stewardship (AMS). However, their barriers and opportunities are not well understood. The aim was to investigate the experiences and perceptions of community pharmacists and their teams around AMS to inform intervention development.
designInterviews and focus groups were used to explore the views of pharmacists, pharmacy staff, general practitioners (GPs), members of pharmacy organisations and commissioners. The questioning schedule was developed using the Theoretical Domains Framework which helped inform recommendations to facilitate AMS in community pharmacy.
results8 GPs, 28 pharmacists, 13 pharmacy staff, 6 representatives from pharmacy organisations in England and Wales, and 2 local stakeholders participated.Knowledge and skills both facilitated or hindered provision of self-care and compliance advice by different grades of pharmacy staff. Some staff were not aware of the impact of giving self-care and compliance advice to help control antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The pharmacy environment created barriers to AMS; this included lack of time of well-qualified staff leading to misinformation from underskilled staff to patients about the need for antibiotics or the need to visit the GP, this was exacerbated by lack of space. AMS activities were limited by absent diagnoses on antibiotic prescriptions.Several pharmacy staff felt that undertaking patient examinations, questioning the rationale for antibiotic prescriptions and performing audits would allow them to provide more tailored AMS advice.
conclusionsInterventions are required to overcome a lack of qualified staff, time and space to give patients AMS advice. Staff need to understand how self-care and antibiotic compliance advice can help control AMR. A multifaceted educational intervention including information for staff with feedback about the advice given may help. Indication for a prescription would enable pharmacists to provide more targeted antibiotic advice. Commissioners should consider the pharmacists' role in examining patients, and giving advice about antibiotic prescriptions.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.