ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2018
Clinically Relevant Immune-Cellular Metrics of Inflammation in Meibomian Gland Dysfunction.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Meibomian gland dysfunction in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Preservative-free latanoprost induces meibomian gland dysfunction through inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways.BMC pharmacology & toxicology · 2026Article
- Intermittent fasting ameliorates diabetes-induced meibomian gland dysfunction in mice.International journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- In Vivo Confocal Microscopy for Automated Detection of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: A Study Based on Deep Convolutional Neural Networks.Journal of imaging informatics in medicine · 2025Article
- Quantitative Assessment of Lid Margin Vascularity Using Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.Translational vision science & technology · 2024Article
- Urban Particulate Matter Triggers Meibomian Gland Dysfunction.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- Meibomian Gland Dysfunction Clinical Practice Guidelines.Japanese journal of ophthalmology · 2023Article
- Dealing with the Persistent Pathogenic Issues of Dry Eye Disease: The Importance of External and Internal Stimuli and Tissue Responses.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Immune modulating nanoparticles for the treatment of ocular diseases.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2022Review
- Topographical Distribution and Phenotype of Resident Meibomian Gland Orifice Immune Cells (MOICs) in Mice and the Effects of Topical Benzalkonium Chloride (BAK).International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Automation of dry eye disease quantitative assessment: A review.Clinical & experimental ophthalmology · 2022Review
- In Vivo Confocal Microscopy in Different Types of Dry Eye and Meibomian Gland Dysfunction.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- Candidate Molecular Compounds as Potential Indicators for Meibomian Gland Dysfunction.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Review
- Ocular Surface Inflammatory Disorders (OSID): A Collective of Systemic Etiologies Which Cause or Amplify Dry Eye Syndrome.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Article
- Alterations in corneal nerves in different subtypes of dry eye disease: An in vivo confocal microscopy study.The ocular surface · 2021Article
- Recent Developments About the Pathogenesis of Dry Eye Disease: Based on Immune Inflammatory Mechanisms.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Review
- Androgen and meibomian gland dysfunction: from basic molecular biology to clinical applications.International journal of ophthalmology · 2021Review
- Organotypic Culture of Mouse Meibomian Gland: A Novel Model to Study Meibomian Gland Dysfunction In Vitro.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2020Article
- Dihydrotestosterone suppression of proinflammatory gene expression in human meibomian gland epithelial cells.The ocular surface · 2020Article
- A Review of Imaging Biomarkers of the Ocular Surface.Eye & contact lens · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Purpose: To determine the reliability and clinical relevance of in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM)-based immune-cellular metrics of palpebral conjunctival inflammation in meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). Methods: Sixteen MGD patients and 13 reference controls included in this cross-sectional, retrospective study, had an ocular surface exam, symptom assessment (Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire [OSDI]), and palpebral conjunctival IVCM imaging. Bland-Altman analyses, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICCa), Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (ρc), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses, and correlations were performed. Clinical outcome measures were symptom severity (OSDI scores), tear break-up time (TBUT), and corneal fluorescein staining (CFS grade). Results: Compared to controls, patients with MGD had variable symptom severity (average OSDI score: 48.3 ± 7.6, P = 0.0008, range: 8.3-85.42), shorter TBUT (6.8 ± 0.9 seconds, P = 0.002), comparable corneal staining (0.31 ± 0.19, P = 0.20), and greater conjunctival inflammation (epithelial immune cells [EIC]: 477.8 ± 54.2 vs. 123.3 ± 17.2 cells/mm2, P < 0.0001; intraglandular immune cells [IGIC]: 41.9 ± 3.3% vs. 20.33 ± 7.3%, P < 0.01). Immune-cellular metrics had high inter- and intraobserver agreement (ρc: 0.86-0.94; ICCa and Cronbach's α: 0.85-0.97, P < 0.0001). EIC correlated positively with OSDI (rs: 0.49, P = 0.03), while both EIC and IGIC correlated inversely with TBUT (rs: -0.47, -0.45, P < 0.05), and had high accuracy in detecting inflammation (ROC area under the curve [AUC]: 0.97 and 0.89, P ≤ 0.001). Conclusions: EIC and IGIC are increased in highly symptomatic patients with MGD that have minimal corneal staining, and correlate with symptoms and clinical signs. EIC and IGIC may provide reliable and clinically relevant metrics of inflammation.
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Registered trials
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