ArticleMaternal & child nutrition2018
Awareness and prevalence of human milk sharing and selling in the United States.
Article in Maternal & child nutrition, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Factors associated with informal human milk sharing among donors and recipients: A mixed-methods systematic review.PloS one · 2024Pooled it
- Balancing access to donor human milk: Rationing vs expanding use.Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · 2026Review
- Understanding modifiable barriers to human milk donation in the United Kingdom.Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association · 2025Article
- Formal and informal human milk donation in New Zealand: a mixed-method national survey.International breastfeeding journal · 2024Article
- Donation barriers, enablers, patterns and predictors of milk bank donors in the United States and United Kingdom.Maternal & child nutrition · 2024Article
- Peer-to-Peer Human Milk-Sharing Among Israeli Milk Donors: A Mixed-Methods Study in the Land of Milk and Honey.Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association · 2023Article
- Infant feeding practices and parental perceptions during the 2022 United States infant formula shortage crisis.BMC pediatrics · 2023Article
- Human milk-sharing practices and infant-feeding behaviours: A comparison of donors and recipients.Maternal & child nutrition · 2022Article
- An 'incredible community' or 'disgusting' and 'weird'? Representations of breastmilk sharing in worldwide news media.Maternal & child nutrition · 2021Article
- Awareness and prevalence of human milk sharing and selling in the United States.Maternal & child nutrition · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
There are limited data available about the prevalence of human milk (HM) sharing and selling in the general population. We aimed to describe attitudes toward HM selling among participants in a qualitative-interview study and prevalence of HM sharing and selling among a national sample of U.S. mothers. Mothers (n = 41) in our qualitative-interview study felt that sharing or donating HM was more common than selling; none had ever purchased or sold HM. Three themes related to HM selling emerged from this work: questioning the motives of those selling HM, HM selling limits access to HM to those with money, and HM selling is a legitimate way to make money. Some mothers had reservations about treating HM as a commodity and the intentions of those who profit from the sale of HM. Nearly all participants in our national survey of U.S. mothers (94%, n = 429) had heard of infants consuming another mother's HM. Approximately 12% had provided their milk to another; half provided it to someone they knew. Fewer mothers (6.8%) reported that their infant had consumed another mother's HM; most received this HM from someone they knew. A smaller proportion of respondents (1.3%) had ever purchased or sold HM. Among a national sample of U.S. mothers, purchasing and selling HM was less common than freely sharing HM. Together, these data highlight that HM sharing is not uncommon in the United States. Research is required to create guidelines for families considering HM sharing.
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Registered trials
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