ArticleSleep2019
Mild-to-moderate sleep apnea is associated with incident hypertension: age effect.
Article in Sleep, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of Intermittent Hypoxia in Training Regimes and in Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Aging Biomarkers and Age-Related Diseases: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Pooled it
- Post Hoc Analysis of Solriamfetol Efficacy in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients with Excessive Daytime Sleepiness Stratified by Disease Severity.Advances in therapy · 2026Trial
- Risk of sleep apnea associated with higher blood pressure among Chinese and Korean Americans.Ethnicity & health · 2024Trial
- Association of obstructive sleep apnoea with long-term cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome with or without hypertension: insight from the OSA-ACS project.BMJ open respiratory research · 2023Trial
- Insomnia and Hypertension: Importance of Objective Phenotyping and Comorbidity with Sleep Apnea.Current hypertension reports · 2026Review
- Obstructive sleep apnea comorbid with insomnia symptoms and objective short sleep duration is associated with incident hypertension.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2026Article
- Sleep disorders among elderly hypertensive patients: associated factors and implications for management.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Sleep duration and incidence of hypertension in the Bandare-Kong cohort study: findings from PERSIAN cohort study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Beyond the Apnea-Hypopnea Index: Exploring Time-Dependent Hazard Ratios of Respiratory Events in Obstructive Sleep Apnea.Advances in respiratory medicine · 2025Observational
- Effect of age on the association of obstructive sleep apnea with metabolic syndrome among obese and nonobese adults.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2025Article
- C-reactive protein improves the ability to detect hypertension and insulin resistance in mild-to-moderate obstructive sleep apnea: Age effect.Journal of sleep research · 2025Article
- 2025 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association.Circulation · 2025Review
- The effect of hypoxia on interoception in patient with obstructive sleep apnea.Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung · 2024Article
- Age modifies the association between severe sleep apnea and all-cause mortality.Sleep medicine · 2024Article
- Insomnia with objective but not subjective short sleep duration is associated with incident cardiovascular and/or cerebrovascular disease.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2024Article
- Preoperative sleep apnea screening protocol reduces medical emergency team activation in patients with atrial fibrillation.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2024Article
- 2024 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association.Circulation · 2024Review
- Regular snoring is associated with uncontrolled hypertension.NPJ digital medicine · 2024Article
- Edward O. Bixler, PhD: from the Apollo project and chimpanzees to sleep epidemiology.Sleep advances : a journal of the Sleep Research Society · 2024Article
- Association between smoking and obstructive sleep apnea based on the STOP-Bang index.Scientific reports · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
STUDY
objectivesMild-to-moderate obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is highly prevalent in the general population; however, previous studies on its association with incident hypertension are mixed. We examined the association between mild and moderate OSA and incident hypertension in a large random general population sample.
methodsFrom 1741 adults of the Penn State Cohort, 744 adults without hypertension or severe OSA (i.e. apnea/hypopnea index [AHI] ≥ 30 events/hour) were followed-up after 9.2 years. Mild OSA was defined as an AHI of 5 to 14.9 events/hour (n = 71), while moderate OSA as an AHI of 15 to 29.9 events/hour (n = 32). Incident hypertension was defined by a self-report of receiving antihypertensive medication and/or history of a diagnosis since their baseline study.
resultsAfter adjusting for multiple potential confounders, mild-to-moderate OSA was significantly associated with increased risk of incident hypertension (overall hazard ratio [HR] = 2.94, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.96-4.41; HR = 3.24, 95% CI = 2.08-5.03 for mild OSA and HR = 2.23, 95% CI = 1.10-4.50 for moderate OSA). Importantly, this association was modified by age (p-interaction < 0.05); while strong in young and middle-aged adults (HR = 3.62, 95% CI = 2.34-5.60), the association was lost in adults older than 60 years (HR = 1.36 95% CI = 0.50-3.72). Furthermore, the association of mild-to-moderate OSA with components of metabolic syndrome was strongest in young and middle-aged adults.
conclusionsMild-to-moderate OSA, even when asymptomatic, is associated with increased risk of incident hypertension, but the strength of association significantly decreases with age. Although older participants with asymptomatic mild-to-moderate OSA are not at significant risk of developing hypertension, early detection and intervention, including improving metabolic indices, is especially warranted in young and middle-aged adults.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.