ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2019
Altered Cervical Mucosal Gene Expression and Lower Interleukin 15 Levels in Women With Schistosoma haematobium Infection but Not in Women With Schistosoma mansoni Infection.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of female genital schistosomiasis and human papillomavirus and cervical pre-cancer: a systematic review.BMC women's health · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of Schistosoma haematobium infection and treatment on the systemic and mucosal immune phenotype, gene expression and microbiome: A systematic review.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Pooled it
- Effects of schistosomes on host anti-viral immune response and the acquisition, virulence, and prevention of viral infections: A systematic review.PLoS pathogens · 2021Pooled it
- Impact of the menstrual cycle and ethinyl estradiol/etonogestrel contraceptive vaginal ring on granulysin and other mucosal immune mediators.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2021Trial
- Cervicovaginal Immune Activation in Zambian Women With Female Genital Schistosomiasis.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Trial
- Schistosoma mansoni treatment reduces HIV entry into cervical CD4+ T cells and induces IFN-I pathways.Nature communications · 2019Trial
- Female genital schistosomiasis-related infertility and gynecological manifestations among women living in countries endemic for urogenital schistosomiasis in Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis protocol.Systematic reviews · 2026Article
- Schistosoma haematobium infection is associated with oncogenic gene expression in Cervical Mucosa, with enhanced effects following treatment: A pilot study.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Schistosomiasis: a neglected cause of infertility in females and males.Current opinion in infectious diseases · 2025Review
- Sex as a biological variable in HIV-1 and schistosome co-infection.The lancet. HIV · 2025Review
- Clinical and Demographic Factors Associated With Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Shedding in Saliva or Cervical Secretions in a Cohort of Tanzanian Women.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Female genital schistosomiasis is a neglected public health problem in Tanzania: Evidence from a scoping review.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Female Genital Schistosomiasis: A Neglected among the Neglected Tropical Diseases.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Integration of female genital schistosomiasis into HIV/sexual and reproductive health and rights and neglected tropical diseases programmes and services: a scoping review.Sexual and reproductive health matters · 2023Article
- Cervicovaginal bacterial communities in reproductive-aged Tanzanian women with Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma haematobium, or without schistosome infection.The ISME journal · 2021Article
- Beyond the barrier: Female Genital Schistosomiasis as a potential risk factor for HIV-1 acquisition.Acta tropica · 2020Review
- Integration of prevention and control measures for female genital schistosomiasis, HIV and cervical cancer.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2020Article
- Impact of Endemic Infections on HIV Susceptibility in Sub-Saharan Africa.Tropical diseases, travel medicine and vaccines · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
20 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSchistosomiasis increases the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition in women by mechanisms that are incompletely defined. Our objective was to determine how the cervical environment is impacted by Schistosoma haematobium or Schistosoma mansoni infection by quantifying gene expression in the cervical mucosa and cytokine levels in cervicovaginal lavage fluid.
methodsWe recruited women with and those without S. haematobium infection and women with and those without S. mansoni infection from separate villages in rural Tanzania with high prevalences of S. haematobium and S. mansoni, respectively. Infection status was determined by urine and stool microscopy and testing for serum circulating anodic antigen. RNA was extracted from cervical cytobrush samples for transcriptome analysis. Cytokine levels were measured by magnetic bead immunoassay.
resultsIn the village where S. haematobium was prevalent, 110 genes were differentially expressed in the cervical mucosa of 18 women with versus 39 without S. haematobium infection. Among the 27 cytokines analyzed in cervicovaginal lavage fluid from women in this village, the level of interleukin 15 was lower in the S. haematobium-infected group (62.8 vs 102.9 pg/mL; adjusted P = .0013). Differences were not observed in the S. mansoni-prevalent villages between 11 women with and 29 without S. mansoni infection.
conclusionsWe demonstrate altered cervical mucosal gene expression and lower interleukin 15 levels in women with S. haematobium infection as compared to those with S. mansoni infection, which may influence HIV acquisition and cancer risks. Studies to determine the effects of antischistosome treatment on these mucosal alterations are needed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.