ArticleThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2019
Characterization of Human Adrenal Steroidogenesis During Fetal Development.
Article in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Glucocorticoids in pregnancy: a master-switch for fetal maturation.Endocrine reviews · 2026Review
- Prenatal antifungal exposure disrupts fetal steroidogenesis and is associated with persistent effects in children.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Glucocorticoid trajectories in preterm infants-born too soon, wired differently.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Article
- Elevation of corticosterone and 17OH progesterone in extremely preterm infants and clinical implications.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- MicroRNA regulation of adrenal glucocorticoid and androgen biosynthesis.Vitamins and hormones · 2024Article
- An integrated single-cell analysis of human adrenal cortex development.JCI insight · 2023Article
- Development and function of the fetal adrenal.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2023Review
- Dexamethasone affects human fetal adrenal steroidogenesis and subsequent ACTH response in anFrontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- A spatiotemporal steroidogenic regulatory network in human fetal adrenal glands and gonads.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Article
- Mixed corticomedullary tumor of the adrenal gland.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Review
- The effects of selected inhibitors on human fetal adrenal steroidogenesis differs under basal and ACTH-stimulated conditions.BMC medicine · 2021Article
- Sexual Dimorphism of Corticosteroid Signaling during Kidney Development.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- The Prenatal Hormone Milieu in Autism Spectrum Disorder.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Review
- Zone-specific reference ranges of fetal adrenal artery Doppler indices: a longitudinal study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2020Article
- Estrogens in Human Male Gonadotropin Secretion and Testicular Physiology From Infancy to Late Puberty.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2020Review
- Alternative pathway androgen biosynthesis and human fetal female virilization.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
contextThe endocrine function of human fetal adrenals (HFAs) is activated already during first trimester, but adrenal steroidogenesis during fetal life is not well characterized.
objectiveThis study aimed to investigate HFA steroidogenesis by analyzing adrenal glands from first and second trimesters. DESIGN AND
settingMale and female HFA from gestational weeks (GWs) 8 to 19 were examined, including a total of 101 samples from 83 fetuses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Expression level of steroidogenic genes and protein expression/localization were determined by quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively, and intra-adrenal steroid levels were quantified by LC-MS/MS.
resultsTranscriptional levels of StAR, CYP11A1, CYP17A1, CYP21A2, CYP11B1/2, and SULT2A1 were significantly higher in second trimester compared to first trimester (P < 0.05), whereas expression levels of 3β-HSD2 and ARK1C3 were unaltered between GWs 8 and 19. All investigated steroidogenic proteins were expressed in a distinct pattern throughout the investigated period, with most enzymes expressed primarily in the fetal zone, except 3β-HSD1/2, which was expressed mainly in the definitive zone. Abundant steroidogenic enzyme expression was reflected in overall high intra-adrenal tissue concentrations of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens; cortisol was the most abundant (1071 to 2723 ng/g tissue), and testosterone levels were the lowest (2 to 14 ng/g tissue).
conclusionsThe expression profiles of HFA steroidogenic enzymes are distinct from first to second trimester, with no major differences between male and female samples. Intra-adrenal steroid hormone concentrations confirm that cortisol is produced throughout first and second trimesters, suggesting continued regulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis during this entire period.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.