ArticlePsychological research2020
Redefining the pattern of age-prospective memory-paradox: new insights on age effects in lab-based, naturalistic, and self-assigned tasks.
Article in Psychological research, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Temporal dynamics: A systematic review and meta-analysis of time intervals in time-based prospective memory and their connection to time perception.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2026Pooled it
- Factors Explaining Age-Related Prospective Memory Performance Differences: A Meta-analysis.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Prospective Memory Training in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Neuropsychology review · 2023Pooled it
- An experience sampling study on spontaneous future thinking and prospective memory.Psychological research · 2026Article
- Why do we forget?-A mixed-method investigation of reasons for everyday prospective memory failures.Cognitive research: principles and implications · 2026Article
- Neural correlates of prospective memory in Parkinson's disease: a high-density EEG study.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Article
- Great expectations: Anticipating a reminder influences prospective memory encoding and unaided retrieval.Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition · 2025Article
- Cost avoidance underlies decisions to use prospective memory reminders.Memory & cognition · 2025Article
- Prospective Memory Performance of Autistic Adults in Everyday Life: The Role of Stress and Motivation.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2025Article
- Reminders eliminate age-related declines in prospective memory.Psychology and aging · 2025Article
- Decoding the neural dynamics of everyday prospective remembering: a hidden Markov model approach.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2025Article
- Remembering the future; prospective memory across the autistic adult's life span.Autism : the international journal of research and practice · 2024Article
- The cost of monitoring in time-based prospective memory.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Older adults' self-reported prospective memory lapses in everyday life: Connections to inflammation and gender.Journal of psychosomatic research · 2023Article
- Prospective memories in the wild: Predicting memory for intentions in natural environments.Memory & cognition · 2023Article
- A descriptive study on misidentifications of a person as a familiar person in an everyday situation.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Prospective memory assessment: Scientific advances and future directions.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- Revisiting the Age-Prospective Memory Paradox Using Laboratory and Ecological Tasks.Frontiers in psychology · 2021Article
- Everyday memory failures across adulthood: Implications for the age prospective memory paradox.PloS one · 2020Article
- Age-related differences in the goals and concerns that motivate real-life prospective memory tasks.PloS one · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Prospective memory (PM) involves remembering intended actions in the future, such as posting a letter when seeing a post box (event-based PM) or making a phone call at 2:00 pm (time-based PM). Studies on aging and PM have often reported negative age effects in the laboratory, but positive age effects in naturalistic tasks outside the laboratory (the so-called age-PM-paradox). The present study re-examined this pattern of the paradox by studying, for the first time, age differences in time- and event-based PM in lab-based, experimenter-generated naturalistic and self-assigned real-life PM tasks within the same sample of young and older adults. Results showed that differential age effects in and outside the laboratory were qualified by the type of PM cue. While age-related deficits were obtained for laboratory event-based tasks, no age effect was obtained for naturalistic event-based PM. Age benefits in the field were only observed for naturalistic time-based tasks, but not for participants' own self-assigned time-based tasks. These findings indicate that the age benefits for naturalistic PM tasks may have been overestimated due to the dominant use of experimenter-generated naturalistic time-based PM tasks in previous studies. Therefore, the precise pattern of the age-PM-paradox may need redefining as mostly consisting of negative age effects in lab-based PM tasks and mostly the absence of negative age effects (rather than age benefits) in naturalistic and self-assigned tasks outside the laboratory.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.