ArticleEye and brain2018
Investigating possible retinal biomarkers of head trauma in Olympic boxers using optical coherence tomography.
Article in Eye and brain, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06270680 (Efficacy of Carotenoids on Blood Biomarkers Following A Collision Sport Athletes), which is not on this map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Efficacy of Carotenoids on Blood Biomarkers Following A Collision Sport Athletes
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of optical coherence tomography findings in adults with mild traumatic brain injury.Eye (London, England) · 2024Pooled it
- The Ocular Signature of TBI: A Narrative Review of Structural Changes and Potential Candidate Biomarkers.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Retinal manifestations of traumatic brain injury.Scientific reports · 2025Observational
- Macular Pigment Carotenoid Supplementation for the Preservation of Visual Structure and Function Following a Collegiate Rugby Season.Eye and brain · 2025Article
- Article
- Oculomics: A Crusade Against the Four Horsemen of Chronic Disease.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2024Review
- Association between retinal thickness and disease characteristics in adult epilepsy: A cross-sectional OCT evaluation.Epilepsia open · 2024Article
- Henle fiber layer thickening and deficits in objective retinal function in participants with a history of multiple traumatic brain injuries.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
- Window into the mind: Advanced handheld spectroscopic eye-safe technology for point-of-care neurodiagnostic.Science advances · 2023Article
- Traumatic Brain Injury Induces Microglial and Caspase3 Activation in the Retina.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Vitreous Humor Biomarkers Reflect Pathological Changes in the Brain for Alzheimer's Disease and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2023Article
- Review: Emerging Eye-Based Diagnostic Technologies for Traumatic Brain Injury.IEEE reviews in biomedical engineering · 2023Review
- Structure and function of retinal ganglion cells in subjects with a history of repeated traumatic brain injury.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Article
- Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell-driven pupil responses in patients with traumatic brain injury.Vision research · 2021Article
- Association of Optical Coherence Tomography With Longitudinal Neurodegeneration in Veterans With Chronic Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.JAMA network open · 2020Article
- Concussion in Sports.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2019Review
- Traumatic Brain Injury and Its Ophthalmologic Implications.Romanian journal of ophthalmologyReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeChanges to retina have been reported after a number of neurodegenerative conditions. The purpose of this study was to investigate retinal structures in Olympic boxers exposed to frequent head blows.
methodsRetinal imaging offers potential as a non-invasive biomarker of neuropathology. Macula and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness was measured using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in UK Olympic boxers attending two mandatory eye screening programs, 18 months apart. Data from the two eye screenings provide longitudinal data of retinal change over time. Sedentary healthy subjects (controls) without past or present history of concussion were also screened at the time of the second boxer screening to provide comparison of cross-sectional data.
resultsSixteen Olympic boxers aged 20-33 years and 20 sedentary healthy controls, aged 24-45 years, were recruited. Significant macula thickening was observed over time (18 months) in 75% of right and 50% of left eye sectors. For RNFL, left eye quadrants thickened. For right eye RNFL quadrants, thickening and thinning of this layer were observed. Cross-sectional results showed thinner macula sectors and RNFL quadrants in Olympic boxers compared to controls.
conclusionSignificant change to macula and RNFL densities, occurring over an 18 month interval is an unexpected finding in otherwise heathy elite sportsmen. In addition, macula and RNFL were thinner than healthy sedentary controls. OCT may prove clinically useful as a candidate retinal biomarker of neuropathological change after mild traumatic brain injury and/or repeat head blows.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.