ArticlePloS one2018
Epidemiology of benign essential blepharospasm: A nationwide population-based retrospective study in Taiwan.
Article in PloS one, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trends and off-label use of botulinum toxin type A in Chinese neurological practice from 2016 to 2023: a real-world study.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Brain functional network topology and connectivity in primary blepharospasm.Frontiers in systems neuroscience · 2025Article
- Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography and Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Findings in Patients with Solar Retinopathy.Beyoglu eye journal · 2025Article
- The Role of Serum Vitamin and Mineral Levels in Benign Essential Blepharospasm: A Comparative Study.Beyoglu eye journal · 2025Article
- Effectiveness of 0.3% Hyaluronic Acid Eye Drops for Benign Essential Blepharospasm and Hemifacial Spasm with Botulinum Toxin-induced Dry Eye.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2024Article
- Clinical implications of genetic polymorphisms in blepharospasm.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2024Article
- Blepharospasm Patients after Botulinum Toxin - Sleep Approach.Sleep science (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2023Article
- Botulinum Neurotoxin Type a Injection Combined with Absorbable Punctal Plug Insertion: An Effective Therapy for Blepharospasm Patients with Dry Eye.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Health-related quality of life of daily-life-affected benign essential blepharospasm: Multi-center observational study.PloS one · 2023Observational
- The pathogenesis of blepharospasm.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Review
- Clinical and genotypic analysis in determining dystonia non-motor phenotypic heterogeneity: a UK Biobank study.Journal of neurology · 2022Article
- THE EFFECT OF BOTULINUM TOXIN TYPE A IN PATIENTS WITH ESSENTIAL BLEPHAROSPASM.Acta clinica Croatica · 2022Article
- The Prevalence of Idiopathic or Inherited Isolated Dystonia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2022Review
- Clinical Features and Evolution of Blepharospasm: A Multicenter International Cohort and Systematic Literature Review.Dystonia (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Serum Metabolomics of Benign Essential Blepharospasm Using Liquid Chromatography and Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2022Article
- Subjective assessment of effectiveness, quality of life, and psychological status of patients receiving botulinum toxin therapy for hemifacial spasm, blepharospasm, or cervical dystonia.Fujita medical journal · 2021Article
- Serum calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and vitamin D in benign essential blepharospasm.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
importanceThis study provides a nationwide, population-based data on the incidence of benign essential blepharospasm in Asian adults.
backgroundTo describe the incidence, patient demographics, and risk factors associated with benign essential blepharospasm.
designPopulation-based retrospective study. PARTICIPANTS AND SAMPLES: A total of 1325 patients with benign essential blepharospasm were identified.
methodsPatients with diagnosis of blepharopsasm between January 2000 and December 2013 were sampled using the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000. Secondary blepharospasm that may be related to neurological, trauma, and ocular surface disease were excluded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURED: Multivariate conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios for potential risk factors of benign essential blepharospasm.
resultsThe mean annual incidence was 0.10‰ (0.07‰ for males, and 0.12‰ for females). The peak incidence was in the 50 to 59-year-old age group (0.19‰). People living in urban regions have more risk of developing blepharospasm comparing to people living in less urban regions (p <0.01). White-collar workers also have higher chance of having blepharospasm (p<0.001). Significant difference between control group and case group in hyperlipidemia (p <0.001), sleep disorders (p <0.001), mental disorders (depression, anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder) (p <0.001), dry eye-related diseases (dry eye, Sjögren's syndrome) (p <0.001), Parkinson's disease (p <0.004), and rosacea (p <0.021) were also identified. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Higher level of urbanization, white-collar work, sleep disorders, mental health diseases, dry eye-related diseases, Parkinsonism, and rosacea are possible risk factors for benign essential blepharospasm.
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