ArticleAIDS (London, England)2019
HIV risk associated with serum medroxyprogesterone acetate levels among women in East and southern Africa.
Article in AIDS (London, England), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hormonal contraception and HIV acquisition among women: an updated systematic review.BMJ sexual & reproductive health · 2020Pooled it
- Injectable Contraceptives Differentially Affect Select CD4+ HIV-1 Target Cells in the Genital Tract but Not Systemically: Implications for HIV-1 Acquisition.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Pre-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) α4β7hi CD4+ T Cells and HIV Risk Among Heterosexual Individuals in Africa.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- NET-EN treatment leads to delayed HSV-2 infection, enhanced mucin and T cell functions in the female genital tract when compared to DMPA in a preclinical mouse model.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSome observational studies have found increased HIV risk associated with self-reported use of injectable depot medroxyprogesterone acetate. Testing blood samples for medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), the progestin in depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, permits validation of self-reported data, and exploration of whether potential HIV risk is correlated with MPA levels, which are highest soon after injection.
methodsWe conducted a case-control study testing archived serum from women who participated in three longitudinal studies of HIV prevention in East and southern Africa. Case samples, from women who acquired HIV, were from visits that occurred at or immediately prior to the first evidence of HIV infection. Secondary analyses restricted to case samples collected within 15 and 30 days of the estimated date of HIV infection. Matched control samples were from women who remained HIV uninfected. We used multivariable conditional logistic regression to compare exogenous hormone levels, quantified through mass spectrometry, among cases and controls.
resultsWhen restricted to cases with samples collected within 15 days or less of estimated date of HIV infection, MPA detection was more frequent among women who acquired HIV (adjusted odds ratio = 2.75, 95% confidence interval 1.22-6.19). In this subset, the increase in HIV risk was only among samples with MPA detected at a low level of 0.02-0.50 ng/ml: 36.7% of cases and 9.4% of controls, adjusted odds ratio = 6.03, 95% confidence interval 2.50-14.54.
conclusionDetection of MPA at low levels close to the estimated time of HIV acquisition was significantly more frequent among women who acquired HIV. Studies are needed that explore biological mechanisms elicited by any MPA level and HIV risk.
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