ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2019
Estimation of emigration, return migration, and transit migration between all pairs of countries.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed.
- Annual Migration Flow Estimates by Sex between all Countries since 1960.Scientific data · 2026Article
- A global dataset of immigration flow composition by age, sex and educational attainment.Scientific data · 2026Article
- Deep learning four decades of human migration.Nature · 2026Article
- Article
- Modelling global trade with optimal transport.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Predicting the role of inequalities on human mobility patterns.PNAS nexus · 2026Article
- Article
- There Is No Place Like Home: A Meta-Ethnography Exploring The Experiences of International Medical Graduates Following Return Migration to Their Home Country.The clinical teacher · 2025Review
- Including the gender dimension of migration is essential to avoid systematic bias in migration predictions.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Measuring global migration flows using online data.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- The Globalization of International Migration? A Conceptual and Data-Driven Synthesis.Population and development review · 2025Article
- Weather deviations linked to undocumented migration and return between Mexico and the United States.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Uncovering migration systems through spatio-temporal tensor co-clustering.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Return Migration and Disability by Life Course Stage of Return: Evidence Against the Salmon Bias.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2024Article
- Treatment seeking and antibiotic use for urinary tract infection symptoms in the time of COVID-19 in Tanzania and Uganda.Journal of global health · 2024Article
- Triadic signatures of global human mobility networks.PloS one · 2024Article
- Forecasting migration movements using prediction markets.Comparative migration studies · 2024Article
- Immigrant Wealth Stratification and Return Migration: The Case of Mexican Immigrants in the United States During the Twentieth Century.Demography · 2023Article
- Is there still evolution in the human population?Biologia futura · 2022Review
- A Scoping Review of Health Outcomes Among Transgender Migrants.Transgender health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
We propose a method for estimating migration flows between all pairs of countries that allows for decomposition of migration into emigration, return, and transit components. Current state-of-the-art estimates of bilateral migration flows rely on the assumption that the number of global migrants is as small as possible. We relax this assumption, producing complete estimates of all between-country migration flows with genuine estimates of total global migration. We find that the total number of individuals migrating internationally has oscillated between 1.13 and 1.29% of the global population per 5-year period since 1990. Return migration and transit migration are big parts of total migration; roughly one of four migration events is a return to an individual's country of birth. In the most recent time period, we estimate particularly large return migration flows from the United States to Central and South America and from the Persian Gulf to south Asia.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.