ArticleJournal of intellectual disability research : JIDR2019
Racial and ethnic disparities in birth outcomes and labour and delivery-related charges among women with intellectual and developmental disabilities.
Article in Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Right to Sexuality, Reproductive Health, and Found a Family for People with Intellectual Disability: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Pooled it
- The associations between maternal disability and perinatal outcomes among Black and/or Hispanic women in PRAMS.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Bioinformatics analyses of a potential miRNA‒mRNA regulatory axis in lumbar degenerative disc disease.BMC medical genomics · 2026Article
- The Relationship Between Health Care Professionals' Intersecting Disability and Race Implicit Attitudes and Their Beliefs About People With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities : JARID · 2025Article
- Intersectional inequities in maternal mortality: Examining the compounded risks for black birthing individuals with physical disabilities.Disability and health journal · 2025Article
- Factors Associated with Adverse Birth Outcomes in Women with an Intellectual or Other Developmental Disability.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Variation in Use of Neuroimaging in the Care of Infants Undergoing Subspecialty Evaluations for Abuse: A Multicenter Study.Academic pediatrics · 2025Article
- Experiences with and Perceptions of the Child Welfare System During the Perinatal Period of Mothers with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.Journal of public child welfare · 2025Article
- Racism against healthcare users in inpatient care: a scoping review.International journal for equity in health · 2024Article
- Reproductive and pregnancy health care for women with intellectual and developmental disabilities: A scoping review.Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities : JARID · 2022Article
- Pregnancy and Parenthood Among Autistic Adults: Implications for Advancing Maternal Health and Parental Well-Being.Autism in adulthood · 2021Article
- The Intersection of Disability and Pregnancy: Risks for Maternal Morbidity and Mortality.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2021Review
- Role of family caregivers regarding sexual and reproductive health for women and girls with intellectual disability: A scoping review.Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR · 2020Article
- Pregnancy complications and maternal birth outcomes in women with intellectual and developmental disabilities in Wisconsin Medicaid.PloS one · 2020Article
- Recent Trends and Future Directions in Research Regarding Parents with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.Current developmental disorders reports · 2020Review
- Maternal Health Experiences of Black Deaf and Hard of Hearing Women in the United States.Women's health issues : official publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women's HealthArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWomen with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) in the USA are bearing children at increasing rates. However, very little is known whether racial and ethnic disparities in birth outcomes and labour and delivery-related charges exist in this population. This study investigated racial and ethnic disparities in birth outcomes and labour and delivery-related charges among women with IDD.
methodsThe study employed secondary analysis of the 2004-2011 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project National Inpatient Sample, the largest all-payer, publicly available US inpatient healthcare database. Hierarchical mixed-effect logistic and linear regression models were used to compare the study outcomes.
resultsWe identified 2110 delivery-associated hospitalisations among women with IDD including 1275 among non-Hispanic White women, 527 among non-Hispanic Black women and 308 among Hispanic women. We found significant disparities in stillbirth among non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic women with IDD compared with their non-Hispanic White peers [odds ratio = 2.50, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.16-5.28, P < 0.01 and odds ratio = 2.53, 95% CI: 1.08-5.92, P < 0.01, respectively]. There were no racial and ethnic disparities in caesarean delivery, preterm birth and small-for-gestational-age neonates among women with IDD. The average labour and delivery-related charges for non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic Women with IDD ($18 889 and $22 481, respectively) exceeded those for non-Hispanic White women with IDD ($14 886) by $4003 and $7595 or by 27% and 51%, respectively. The significant racial and ethnic differences in charges persisted even after controlling for a range of individual-level and institutional-level characteristics and were 6% (ln(β) = 0.06, 95% CI: 0.01-0.11, P < 0.05) and 9% (ln(β) = 0.09, 95% CI: 0.03-0.14, P < 0.01) higher for non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic Women with IDD compared with non-Hispanic White women with IDD.
conclusionsOur findings highlight the need for an integrated approach to the delivery of comprehensive perinatal services for racial and ethnic minority women with IDD to reduce their risk of having a stillbirth. Additionally, further research is needed to examine the causes of racial and ethnic disparities in hospital charges for labour and delivery admission among women with IDD and ascertain whether price discrimination exists based on patients' racial or ethnic identities.
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